Barbados
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Legal resources for Barbados
E-learning resources |
Background
Barbados is a tropical Caribbean island that was settled by the British in 1627 who established sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans. By 1834, Barbados had become less dominant in sugar production and slavery was abolished. The economy remained fueled by sugar, rum, and molasses with an abundance of petroleum, fish, and natural gas. Barbados gained independence from the British in 1966, leading to a surge in tourism and manufacturing. In 2021, Amendment No.2 Bill of the Constitution established Barbados as a parliamentary republic.
Today, Barbados is most densely populated in the eastern Caribbean where ⅓ of the population (~68,046 people), at a total of 204,139 people, lives in urban areas. Nearly 92% of the population is of African descent with small portions of mixed, White, and East Indian groups. The official language of Barbados is English with Bajan—an English-based creole language—spoken informally. The dominant religion of the state is Protestantism (66.4%) with Roman Catholicism (3.8%) and other Christian religions (5.4%) following behind.
Legal system
Barbados operates under a common law legal system with no judicial review of legislative acts. The judicial hierarchy consists of the Magistrates' Courts, the High Court, and the Caribbean Court of Justice, with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council serving as the final stage for appeals.
Legal aid
State-sponsored legal aid
Barbados provides state-sponsored legal aid through Chapter 112A Community Legal Services Act (CLSC). Legal aid is issued to applicants who qualify based on financial means, determined by income, property, number of dependents, and other relevant financial burdens. Aid covers criminal matters including capital offenses, manslaughter, infanticide, concealment of birth, rape, offences where minors are charged, and many other indictable offenses. Aid covers civil matters including all family law matters except divorce, cases involving minors, tenants/tenantries, enforcement of protective provisions, and applications for a writ of habeas corpus. Recipients may be required to pay a contribution toward the cost of the services.
NGOs providing pro bono legal aid
Existing NGOs and organizations that provide pro bono legal aid include the Barbados Bar Association which manages a pro bono panel; the SAVE Foundation which provides legal support for victims of domestic violence through partnerships; the Men's Educational Support Association (MESA), which provides legal referrals for fathers and families in domestic crises; Barbados Gays and Lesbians Against Discrimination (B-GLAD) which provides advocacy and legal support services to protect LGBTQ+ rights; and The National Organization of Women (NOW) which has a network of legal aid to empower women and free them from violence. Additionally, AccessLegal is a Caribbean network and regional initiative to connect clients with lawyer volunteers.
Number of lawyers
As of October 2024, the Attorney General of Barbados noted that there are just over 1,000 practicing attorneys on the island (referring to attorneys-at-law, barristers, solicitors, and excluding non-active lawyers).
Sources of defendant's rights
National sources of defendant's rights
National sources of defendant's rights can be found in the Constitution of Barbados which was adopted in 1966, scrapping the earlier government (Order in Council) and was later revised in 2021. The Evidence Act, known as Chapter 121, and the Criminal Procedure Code, known as Chapter 127, both outline procedural safeguards for defendants like rules of evidence, burdens of proof, and judicial discretion.
International sources of defendant's rights
Defendant's rights are protected by international human rights treaties. Barbados is subject to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which protects the right to a fair trial, presumption of innocence, legal assistance, and equality before courts. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), although not binding, influences in some capacity domestic law by protecting the right to fair and public hearing, presumption of innocence, and right to defense. Because Barbados follows commonwealth traditions, it follows UK precedents such as having a Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) that is the final stage for appeals and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) which handles regional matters.
Rights of the Accused
Right Against Unlawful Arrests, Searches and Seizures
According to the Barbados Constitution, no person or their property shall be searched or entered by others on their premise without consent under section 17. However, it is permissible to do so when in the interests of defense, public safety, order, morality, health, town/country planning, development/utilization of minerals, and development/utilization of any property to "promote public benefit." It is also permissible to search someone or their property if for the purpose of protecting other people's rights, to inspect a crime, to enforce an order from the court, or prevent/detect criminal offenses.
Right Against Unlawful Detention
Section 13(4) of the Barbados Constitution stipulates that any person unlawfully arrested or detained shall be entitled to compensation.
Right Not to be Tortured or Ill-Treated
According to the Barbados Constitution, no person shall be subjected to torture, inhuman/degrading punishment, or other treatment under section 15.
Right to Medical Care
The Barbados Constitution does not explicitly contain a right to medical care.
Right to be Informed of Charges
Pursuant to section 13(2) of the Barbados Constitution, any person who is arrested or detained must be informed as soon as possible, in a language they understand, of their charges.
Right to Presumption of Innocence
The Constitution of Barbados presumes defendants to be innocent until they are proved or have pleaded guilty.
Right Against Self-Incrimination
After being informed of one's charges, the Barbados Constitution section 13(2) allows the accused to immediately, at their own expense, retain and instruct a legal advisor of their own choice.
Right to Counsel and Effective Assistance
The lawyer that is retained and instructed by the accused must be a person entitled to practice in Barbados as an attorney-at-law.
Right to Present a Defense
According to section 18 of the Barbados Constitution, all defendants charged with a criminal offense are permitted to defend themselves before the court in person or by legal representation, and provided with adequate time and facilities to prepare that defense.
Right to Due Process
Section 18(2) of the Barbados Constitution outlines procedural fairness in jury setting and sets up due process rights for defendants.
Right to Equal Protection of the Laws
Section 23 of the Barbados Constitution ensures that no law is discriminatory in itself or in its effect, and further, that no person is treated in a discriminatory manner.
Right to Bail
The Barbados Constitution guarantees entitlement to release unless justified otherwise, setting a foundation for bail which is elaborated on in more detail in the criminal code.
Right Against Ex Post Facto Prosecution
In section 18 of the Barbados Constitution, it's stated that no person should be held guilty for any act that wasn't an offense at the time it was committed, and further, no penalty should be imposed that is more severe than the penalty applicable at the time it was committed.
Right Against Double Jeopardy
In the same section, the Barbados Constitution protects people from being tried for the same crime twice.
Right to a Fair Trial
Section 18 of the Barbados Constitution provides defendants with the right to a fair trial.
Right to a Trial by Jury
The Criminal Procedure Code of Barbados states that anyone who pleads not guilty and has therefore put themselves up for trial is entitled to a jury.
Right to a Speedy Trial
Section 18 of the Barbados Constitution provides defendants with the right to a trial within reasonable time.
Right to an Impartial Judge
Section 18 of the Barbados Constitution provides defendants with the right to an impartial and independent court established by law.
Right to Language Interpretation
The Barbados Constitution ensures that when informing someone of their charges they have the right to language interpretation. This notice will also be provided in a written statement no more than five days after being detained in their own language. At trial, the defendant has the right to a language interpreter at no cost.
Right to Habeas Corpus
Section 13 of the Barbados Constitution states that no person shall be deprived of their personal liberty unless authorized by law.
Capital Punishment
Section 12 of the Barbados Constitution states that no person shall be deprived of life intentionally except in the case of the death penalty or other circumstances reasonably justifiable and permitted by law.
Right to Appeal
The Barbados Constitution provides the right to appeal.
Rights of Counsel
Right to Provide Representation
Section 18 of the Barbados Constitution states that every person charged with a criminal offense shall be permitted to defend themself in court by a legal representative.
Right of Access to the Client
The Barbados Constitution provides the right to legal representation of one's own choice and at one's own expense.
Right to Information
The Barbados Constitution stipulates that the arrested/detained ought to be provided as soon as reasonably practicable information on their arrest and to be able to discuss it with counsel.
Right to Confidential Communication with the Client
Any person arrested or detained is entitled to private communication with their lawyer.
Means of Protecting or Enforcing Rights
Exclusionary Rule
Chapter 121 of Evidence outlines exclusionary rules, including excluding hearsay evidence, any evidence that would result in unfairness or prejudice at trial, and confessions.
Nullity of Procedure
The Criminal Procedure Code of Barbados ensures that if an indictment is improperly filed that it is quashed, which is a form of declaring it null and void. Procedural irregularities in indictment, committal, or evidence submission can lead to a quashing of charges.
Motions
Applications for adjournments, variation of bail, or objections to proceedings—these procedural acts effectively function as motions. For example, the Magistrate's Courts Act allows parties to request adjournments of trials under section 32, and to raise objections to information, complaint, conviction or order under section 255, which functionally resemble motions to dismiss or suppress.
Contempt
Section 259 of the Magistrate's Courts Act penalizes a person who, having been summoned to give evidence, neglects or refuses to appear, with potential punishment for contempt.
Civil Actions
According to section 20 of the Barbados Constitution, every person is granted freedom of expression, including holding opinions and communicating them without interference. Section 21 grants the right to assembly, while there are some restrictions placed on this freedom.
Pre-trial Procedures
Police procedures
Chapter 167, the Police Act, governs police procedures in Barbados.
Complaint/information
In section 2 of the Criminal Procedure Code, Barbados defines "information" as part of what constitutes an indictment. Section 4 governs how bills of indictment charging any person with an indictable offence may be preferred by any person before the High Court.
Arrest, Search and Seizure Laws
Police are authorized to stop and question individuals in public places between 8:00PM and 5AM under suspicion pursuant to section 20 of the Police Act. Police are authorized to arrest—without a warrant—persons found loitering in public at night or carrying tools of housebreaking without a lawful excuse, any person committing a breach of peace, assaulting a police officer, or is suspected upon reasonable grounds of having committed an arrestable offense. Officers may also arrest any person committing an offense within view whose name and residence are unknown and cannot be ascertained.
Pre-trial Detention
Section 24 in the Code of Criminal Procedures states that where any application is made to a judge for the release of a prisoner on bail, such application may be accepted or denied. Pre-trial detention is implied through procedures involving commitment and arraignment.
Searches
Section 21 of the Police Act allows taking measurements, photographs, and fingerprints of persons in custody, however, this requires a court order if the individual refuses. Section 39 of the Police Act grants police broad powers to search vessels in port if they have reasonable grounds to suspect there is on board any property stolen or unlawfully obtained on the premises. Section 58 allows the search and seizure of property and unclaimed articles believed to be connected to an offense.
Lineups and Other Identification Procedures
Lineups are not specifically addressed in any Barbados statutes. Section 21 of the Police Act allows the taking of photographs, fingerprints, and measurements of persons in custody. If the person refuses, a magistrate may order compliance.
Interrogation
There is no statutory requirement for cautioning suspects, presence of counsel, or recording of statements before or after formal charges. The Evidence Act describes what kind of evidence ought to be excluded to ensure a fair trial and the Police Act includes a disciplinary code that has consequences for abuse of authority, improper treatment of suspects, and violent or coercive behavior.
Court Procedures
Pre-Trial
According to section 24, where a person has been committed for sentence and an indictment against them has been preferred they must be brought before the high court, and if they fail to appear, a warrant may be issued for their arrest.
Charging Instrument
Trial proceedings commence by information, which can lead to a summons or warrant. According to Section 12 of the Magistrate's Courts Act, an issue of summons directs a person requiring them to appear before the magistrate of that district to answer to the information, or suspicion of committing an offense.
Preliminary Hearing
In Barbados, preliminary hearings are called committal proceedings and generally an examining magistrate will sit in open court, evidence given before the magistrate shall be given in presence of the accused, and the defense can ask the witness questions. However, evidence can be given in the absence of the defendant if their behavior is disorderly or they can't be present for health reasons. After the preliminary hearing, if the magistrate believes there is enough evidence for a jury trial, they must commit the defendant to the next High Court session, otherwise they are released.
Pre-trial Motions
Barbados statutes don't explicitly mention "motions" but pre-trial decisions can include jurisdictional issues and amendments. Section 10 of the Criminal Procedure Act addresses procedural objections that may arise before or after trial. It allows a trial to proceed despite technical defects in the indictment unless a formal motion to quash the indictment is made at trial.
Discovery
Barbados does not have formal "discovery" procedure, but it allows for access to depositions and written statements in preliminary/committal hearings. Section 132 of the Magistrate's Courts Act allows the admissibility of written statements in preliminary inquiries to the like extent as oral evidence. Sections 42 and 97 permit parties to copies of proceedings. Section 25 of the Criminal Procedure Act allows depositions of ill, deceased, or absent witnesses to be read at trial.
Trial
Section 31 of the Magistrate's Courts Act sets out the procedure of trial and how a magistrate tries a case. When the accused appears in court, the magistrate must state the substance of the information (the charge) and ask whether the accused pleads guilty or not guilty. The magistrate will then hear the evidence from both sides (prosecution and defense), and based on that, either convict the accused or dismiss the information. If the accused pleads guilty, the magistrate may convict without hearing any evidence.
Judges
In Barbados, the roles and powers of judges differ depending on whether they sit in the Magistrates' Courts or the High Court. Magistrates are judicial officers appointed under the Magistrate's Courts Act who possess the authority to preside over summary trials and committal proceedings for indictable offences. High Court judges preside over trials on indictment, oversee jury trials, rule on evidentiary matters, instruct juries, and impose sentences within the scope of their statutory authority.
Sentencing
Sentencing provisions are governed by the Criminal Procedure Act of Barbados in section 11. This section outlines that only offenses specifically made punishable by death under statute can result in capital punishment. All other sentences are imposed either as specified by the offense-specific statute or, where silent, up to two years' imprisonment or a fine, as determined by the High Court. The court may also structure sentences consecutively when the offender is already serving time.
Appeals
The Magistrate's Courts Act extensively covers appeals from summary trials. Section 240 sets the procedure for filing an appeal, including deadlines (within 7 days of conviction or sentence). Sections 242-243 lay out admissible grounds for appeal, such as lack of jurisdiction, legal error, and admission of inadmissible evidence. Section 260 empowers the Court of Appeal to affirm, amend, or reverse decisions, substitute sentences or remit the case to the magistrate.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
While Barbados law does not have a codified standard regarding ineffective assistance of counsel, section 243 of the Magistrate's Courts Act allows appeals on grounds such as significant legal errors or omissions affecting the case's merits. This framework could encompass claims of ineffective assistance in practice where counsel's failure undermines the fairness of the trial.
Collateral Remedies
Collateral remedies such as habeas corpus are protected under section 13 of the Barbados Constitution, which provides that no person shall be deprived of liberty except by due process of law. While the statutes do not explicitly detail habeas corpus procedures, this constitution provision implies its availability as a fundamental safeguard.
Rights in Prison
Right to Humane Conditions of Confinement
Under Section 36 of the Prisons Act, the Minister is responsible for ensuring "sufficient accommodation" in all prisons. Cells must be certified by both the Officer-in-Charge and medical officer to ensure they meet adequate standards for health, lighting, ventilation, and communication with officers.
Right to Medical Care in Prison
Under section 10 of the Prisons Act, each prison must have a designated medical officer. Section 16 requires the medical officer to inspect prisoners daily, maintain health records, and inspect cooking/sanitation facilities monthly. Section 45 allows the Officer-in-Charge, upon advice from the medical officer, to order the transfer of ill prisoners to hospitals.
Right to Mental Health Care
Mental health care is addressed under section 57 which allows a magistrate to order a mental examination if needed. The magistrate may require the accused to see one or two practitioners and to comply with institutional or practitioner directives. The duties of the medical officer under section 16 are broad and include oversight of both physical and mental health.
Rights of Special Populations
Women
Section 33 of the Prisons Act mandates that in every prison where there are women prisoners, there must be a woman prison officer responsible for their discipline and care. Section 37 requires the strict separation of male and female prisoners into different buildings or parts of buildings. Section 14 guarantees religious freedom by allowing women to receive chaplains of their own denominations.
LGBTQ+ Prisoners
There are no specific provisions protecting the rights of LGBTQ+ people in prison in either the Constitution or Criminal Code.
Mentally Ill Prisoners
According to section 9, there is a special verdict where the defendant can be found not guilty of the act charged against them by reason of insanity. However, there are not comprehensive protections or procedures for mentally ill prisoners.
Juveniles
Section 48 of the Prisoners Act allows young offenders under age 21 who receive a sentence of up to 3 months or are jailed for minor non-payment to opt for supervised public work instead of imprisonment—with their consent and the Superintendent's approval. The Juvenile Offenders Act defines a juvenile as under 16 years old, mandates that juveniles not be tried as adults, that juveniles should not be imprisoned with adults unless no suitable accommodation exists, and that special courts handle juvenile cases.
Sources
[^1]: [Barbados | The World Factbook](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/)
[^2]: [Barbados | The World Factbook](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/)
[^3]: [Chapter 112A Community Legal Services | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/CommunityLegalServicesCAP112A.pdf)
[^4]: [Chapter 112A Community Legal Services | The Laws of Barbados, First Schedule, Part I, p.16-17](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/CommunityLegalServicesCAP112A.pdf)
[^5]: [Chapter 112A Community Legal Services | The Laws of Barbados, First Schedule, Part II, p.17](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/CommunityLegalServicesCAP112A.pdf)
[^6]: [Chapter 112A Community Legal Services | The Laws of Barbados, Statement of Purposes, First Schedule, Part III, General, 26(1), p.13](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/CommunityLegalServicesCAP112A.pdf)
[^7]: [Bar Association Members to Offer Free Legal Advice | The Barbados Advocate](https://www.barbadosadvocate.com/news/bar-association-members-offer-free-legal-advice)
[^8]: [Men’s Educational Support Association](https://mesabarbados.wordpress.com/)
[^9]: [Barbados Glad | Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/barbadosglad/?hl=en)
[^10]: [National Organization of Women (NOW)](https://cpdcngo.org/ngo-resource-directory/national-organisation-of-women/)
[^11]: [AccessLegal | Caribbean Agency for Justice Solutions](https://caribbeanjustice.org/what-we-do/)
[^12]: [Major Changes Coming to Legal Professions Act | Barbados Today](https://barbadostoday.bb/2024/10/12/major-changes-coming-to-legal-professions-act/)
[^13]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^14]: [Chapter 121 Evidence | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/EvidenceCAP121.pdf)
[^15]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^16]: [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | United Nations](https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?chapter=4&clang=_en&mtdsg_no=iv-4&src=ind)
[^17]: [75 Years of Human Rights: Barbados Honours Human Rights Defenders | United Nations](https://caribbean.un.org/en/258776-75-years-human-rights-barbados-honours-human-rights-defenders)
[^18]: [Commonwealth Caribbean Court Systems: Privy Council | The University of the West Indies](https://libguides.uwi.edu/Court-Systems/Privy-Council)
[^19]: [Caribbean Court of Justice | Barbados Judicial System](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/judicial-system/caribbean-court-of-justice)
[^20]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §17(1), p.26](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^21]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §17(2)(a-e), p.26-27](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^22]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(4), p.21](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^23]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §15, p.23](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^24]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(2), p.20](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^25]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(1)(a), p.27](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^26]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(2), p.20](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^27]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(2), p.20](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^28]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(2)(c,d), p.28](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^29]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(2), p.27](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^30]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §23(1)(a,b), p.35](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^31]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(2)(b), p.21](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^32]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(4), p.28](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^33]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(5), p.28](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^34]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(1), p.27](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^35]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/) [§](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)[7(1), p.5](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^36]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(1), p.27](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^37]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(1), p.27](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^38]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(1), p.19](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^39]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §12(1), p.18](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^40]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §85-88, p.7](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^41]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(1)(d), p.28](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^42]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §18(1)(d), p.28](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^43]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(2), p.20](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^44]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(2), p.20](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^45]: [Chapter 121 Evidence | The Laws of Barbados §7, p.58](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/EvidenceCAP121.pdf)
[^46]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §4(5), p.5](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^47]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §32, 255, p.141](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^48]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §259, p.143](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^49]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §20(1), p.31](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^50]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §21(1), p.31](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^51]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/) [§](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)[2-3, p.3-4](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^52]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §20(1)(a-j), 20(2), p.13-14](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^53]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §20(1)(a-j), 20(2), p.13-14](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^54]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §20(1)(a-j), p.13-14](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^55]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §20(3), p.15](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^56]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/) [§](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)[24, p.12](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^57]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §21(1), p.15](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^58]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §39(a-e), p.32](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^59]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §58(1), p.30](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^60]: [Chapter 121 Evidence | The Laws of Barbados §7, p.58](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/EvidenceCAP121.pdf)
[^61]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §4(5), p.5](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^62]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §32A-35, p.24-29](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^63]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §21(1), p.15](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^64]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §21(2), p.15](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^65]: [Chapter 121 Evidence | The Laws of Barbados §7, p.58](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/EvidenceCAP121.pdf)
[^66]: [Chapter 167 Police | The Laws of Barbados §32A-35, p.24-29](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PoliceCAP167.pdf)
[^67]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §24(1-3), p.33-34](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^68]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §12(1)(a), p.25-26](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^69]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §13(1), p.27](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^70]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §17(1-2), p.29](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^71]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §17(3)(a-b), p.29](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^72]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §19, p.30](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^73]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §20, p.30-31](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^74]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §10, p.7](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^75]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §10, p.7](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^76]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §10, p.7](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^77]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §132, p.92-93](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^78]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §42, §97, p.42, 73](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^79]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §25(1), p.12](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^80]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §31 p.36](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^81]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §31 p.36](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^82]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §31 p.36](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^83]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §31 p.36](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^84]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §32-34, p.36-39](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^85]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §3, p.4](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^86]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §7(1), p.5](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^87]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §7(2), p.6](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^88]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §33(1-4), p.37-38](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^89]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §8, p.13](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^90]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §170(1), p.109](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^91]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §167-168, p.108](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^92]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §168(1), p.108](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^93]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §3(1-3), p.23](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^94]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §36, p.36-37](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^95]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §3, p.4](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^96]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §24, 26, 27, p.36-37](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^97]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §168(1), p.12-13](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^98]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §11, p.8](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^99]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §11(1), p.8](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^100]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §11(2-4), p.8](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^101]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados §11(4), p.8](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^102]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §240(1-2), p.135](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^103]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §242-243, p.136-137](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^104]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §260(2)(a), p.143-144](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^105]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §243(f-h), p.136-137](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^106]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §243(a-i), p.136-137](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^107]: [The Constitution of Barbados | The Laws of Barbados §13(1), p.19](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)
[^108]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §260(2)(a-d), p.143-144](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^109]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §36(1), p.21](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^110]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §36(2), p.21](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^111]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §43, p.24](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^112]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §10, p.11](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^113]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §16(1-2), p.12](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^114]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §45(1), p.24](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^115]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §57(1-2), p.52-53](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^116]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §57, p.52-53](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^117]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §57(2)(b), p.52-53](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^118]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §57(1-2), p.52-53](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^119]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §116(1), p.86](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^120]: [Chapter 116A Magistrate’s Courts | The Laws of Barbados §124(1), p.89](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/Magistrate'sCourtsCAP116A.pdf)
[^121]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §43, p.24](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^122]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §20(1), p.13](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^123]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §40, p.22-23](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^124]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §66(g), p.33](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^125]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §56(1), p.29-30](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^126]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §52-54, p.27-29](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^127]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §33, p.20](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^128]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §37, p.21](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^129]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §14(5), p.12](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^130]: [Chapter 127 Criminal Procedure | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/) [§](https://www.oas.org/dil/the_constitution_of_barbados.pdf)[9(A), p.7](https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/5a90c2/pdf/)
[^131]: [Chapter 168 Prisons | The Laws of Barbados §48(1), p.26](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/PrisonsCAP168.pdf)
[^132]: [Chapter 138 Juvenile Offenders Act | The Laws of Barbados §2, p.3](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/JuvenileOffendersCAP138.pdf)
[^133]: [Chapter 138 Juvenile Offenders Act | The Laws of Barbados §13(1-3), p.11](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/JuvenileOffendersCAP138.pdf)
[^134]: [Chapter 138 Juvenile Offenders Act | The Laws of Barbados §3(1-7), p.3](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/JuvenileOffendersCAP138.pdf)
[^135]: [Chapter 146A Protection of Children | The Laws of Barbados](https://www.barbadoslawcourts.gov.bb/assets/content/pdfs/statutes/ProtectionofChildrenCAP146A.pdf)
