View source for Rights of the Accused

{{Languages|Rights of the Accused}}

[[Rule of law | Rule of Law]] plays a critical role in protecting the rights of criminal defendants around the world. Generally, these rights are meant to protect individuals who lack the enormous resources available to the government. 

In common law countries, many of the rights have been shaped through case law over several decades.  As a result, the rules can be complex.  This section is meant to be an overview of the most basic rights of defendants.  

The rights of accused are protected in various ways by criminal procedure and evidence codes. Following is a list of some of the ways these rights are protected:
* [[Exclusionary Rule]] or  [[Nullity of Procedure]]
* [[Civil Action]]
* [[Motions]] 

Following is a list of some of the rights of the accused. Because specific rights are the most important during specific phases of a criminal case, these rights are collected into subcategories. This is not to say that these rights are limited to these categories. Certain rights, such as the right to be free of torture, would apply during all phases of a criminal case.

== Rights/ Protections from Police ==
A defendant's first contact with the criminal justice system typically occurs through police. Therefore, it is important that citizens are protected against unwarranted police intrusion. Most countries have developed sophisticated laws intended to protect against arbitrary police action.

* [[Identity Checks]]
* [[Stops and Frisks]]
* [[Arrest]]
* [[Confessions]]
* [[Pretrial Identification]]
* [[Right to Counsel]]
* [[Right to Silence]]
* [[Search and Seizure]]

== Rights during Detention ==
In the United States persons accused of committing a crime have a series of rights, some of which are guaranteed by the United States Constitution and others as a result of case law or statute. Once the defendant is detained by the police he must be advised of the charges against him. The defendant must be advised that he has the right to remain silent and that anything he says can be used against him. The defendant must be advised that he has a right to a defense lawyer and that one will be appointed if he cannot afford to pay for the legal services. The defendant has the right to have someone informed of his arrest and to be told where he is being detained. The opportunity to advise someone of the arrest should be afforded as soon as possible. Any delay must be reasonable and related to the reason for the arrest, i.e., hinder recovery of property connected to the offense. The defendant has the right to be treated decently while he is in custody. He must be provided with food and drink, clothing as necessary as well as sleeping and washing facilities. The defendant cannot be "punished" or treated as guilty while he awaits trial. While detained, the defendant retains the right to court access and to a defense lawyer. That access may be subject to security restrictions typically used in a detention facility. 
* [[Pre-Trial Detention | Freedom from Prolonged Pre-Trial Detention]]
* [[Freedom from Punishment]]
* [[Right to Counsel]]
* [[Right to Habeas Corpus]]
* [[Right to Medical Care in Prison]]

== Rights at Trial ==
The trial is the centerpiece of the adversarial system as it is the first and only time the factfinder will hear individual witnesses live and in person. A trial in the inquisitorial system is somewhat different as the inquisitorial system has a preference for affidavits and other written forms of testimony in lieu of live witnesses. The aggregated rights below cover the time period between a court's first contact with a defendant and the court's final determination of guilt or innocence.

* [[Double Jeopardy]]
* [[Legality Principle]]
* [[Presumption of Innocence]]
* [[Standards of Proof]] and [[Standards for Conviction]]
* [[Right to Compulsory Process]]
* [[Right to Confront Witnesses]]
* [[Right to Counsel (Trial)| Right to Counsel]]
* [[Right to a Fair Trial]]
* [[Right to Notice of Charges]]
* [[Right to Non Self-Incrimination]]
* [[Right to a Speedy Trial]]
* [[Right to Trial by Jury]]
* [[Right to Impartial Judge]]

== Sentencing ==
In common law and adversarial systems sentencing is a distinct phase separate from the trial phase. However, in some civil law systems there is little, if any distinction between sentencing and guilty determination. In either case, sentencing can be thought of as a distinct set of rights covering the kinds of sentences that a court may proscribe.
* [[Death Sentence]]
* [[Ex Post Facto Punishment]]
* [[Freedom from Cruel or Unusual Punishment]]
* [[Representing Victims of Torture | Freedom from Torture]]
* [[Right to Appeal]]
* Right Not to be Fined Excessively

==Rights in Prison==
Even though convicted and serving a sentence to a term of incarceration, individuals still retain certain rights that are recognized in both domestic and international law.
* [[Conditions of Confinement]] 
* Immigrant Detention 
* [[Right to Medical Care in Prison]]
* Mental Health Care 
* Restriction of Rights 
* [[Women's Rights in Prison]]

{{Languages|Rights of the Accused}}