https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&feed=atom&action=historySouth Africa - Revision history2024-03-29T06:56:36ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.1https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=377611&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 11:09, 25 February 20142014-02-25T11:09:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Republic of South Africa is divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">capitol </del>located <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at the city of </del>Pretoria. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>CIA World Factbook</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">available </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> <www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> In </del>1652<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Dutch <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traders discovered </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">area surrounding </del>Cape Town and in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1806 </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">territory was </del>won by the British in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">notorious Boer Wars</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">After independence </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1910, South Africa was ruled according to </del>a policy of extreme <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">apartheid (World Factbook)</del>. Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(World Factbook)</del>. Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(World Factbook)</del>. The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(World Factbook)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In </del>South Africa<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 79% </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">population is native </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Africa </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6% are European (World Factbook). The religion is predominately Christian</del>, with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">over 36% </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the population identifying as some Christian denomination</del>. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Republic of South Africa<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, located on the most southern tip of the continent of Africa, </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a democratic republic </ins>divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">capital city </ins>located <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>Pretoria. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Its first settlers were the San people, followed by the Khoikhoi</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and then the Bantu people who migrated from central Africa by the 14th century. South Africa’s European colonial history began in 1488 when the Portuguese arrived </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the Cape of Good Hope</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Permanent European settlement did not occur until </ins>1652 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when </ins>Dutch <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">settlers established </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">city of </ins>Cape Town <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as a key stopover point in their spice route to the Far East . The settlers, known as Boers or Afrikaners, tried to establish an independent republic as early as 1795. After the discovery of gold </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diamonds </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">late 19th century, more European settlers arrived ultimately leading to the notoriously brutal Anglo-Boer Wars </ins>won by the British in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1806. South Africa did not gain independence from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">British Empire until 1910</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The winning of elections by the National Party </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1948 marked the start of a series of oppressive laws forming </ins>a policy of extreme <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">racial separation know as ‘apartheid’ </ins>. Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule . </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate . The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> South Africa has nevertheless asserted its role as an emerging economic power landing it a place amongst the powerful BRICS nations. </ins>South Africa <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is currently one </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">most economically prosperous countries in Africa due </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its plethora of natural resources </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">important agricultural industry </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite South Africa’s economic and social progress</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">human rights concerns have been expressed by the United States </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regards to the use </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">force by law enforcement, legal proceedings, and discrimination in South Africa </ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins><ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Type of Judicial System==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Type of Judicial System==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=228814&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 08:07, 4 April 20132013-04-04T08:07:45Z<p></p>
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</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=9107&oldid=prevSpalomba at 10:40, 18 February 20112011-02-18T10:40:53Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The legal system in South Africa is a hybrid model comprised of constitutional provisions, national statutes, common law rules, and case law. Above all, the Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law, and no other laws may compromise any rights awarded in the Bill of Rights. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> The most important criminal trial courts are the District Magistrates’ Courts, the Regional Magistrates’ Courts, and the High Court. Trial procedures in the lower and higher courts are exactly the same, save for a few minor exceptions. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 499 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The legal system in South Africa is a hybrid model comprised of constitutional provisions, national statutes, common law rules, and case law. Above all, the Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law, and no other laws may compromise any rights awarded in the Bill of Rights. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> The most important criminal trial courts are the District Magistrates’ Courts, the Regional Magistrates’ Courts, and the High Court. Trial procedures in the lower and higher courts are exactly the same, save for a few minor exceptions. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 499 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Source of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Defendant</del>'<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s </del>Rights==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Source of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Defendants</ins>' Rights==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Spalombahttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8934&oldid=prevDurankar: /* Background */2011-02-09T10:57:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Background</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Republic of South Africa is divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">capital </del>located at the city of Pretoria. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> In 1652, Dutch traders discovered the area surrounding Cape Town and in 1806 the territory was won by the British in the notorious Boer Wars. After independence in 1910, South Africa was ruled according to a policy of extreme apartheid (World Factbook). Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule (World Factbook). Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate (World Factbook). The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved (World Factbook). In South Africa, 79% of the population is native to Africa and 9.6% are European (World Factbook). The religion is predominately Christian, with over 36% of the population identifying as some Christian denomination. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Republic of South Africa is divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">capitol </ins>located at the city of Pretoria. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> In 1652, Dutch traders discovered the area surrounding Cape Town and in 1806 the territory was won by the British in the notorious Boer Wars. After independence in 1910, South Africa was ruled according to a policy of extreme apartheid (World Factbook). Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule (World Factbook). Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate (World Factbook). The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved (World Factbook). In South Africa, 79% of the population is native to Africa and 9.6% are European (World Factbook). The religion is predominately Christian, with over 36% of the population identifying as some Christian denomination. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Type of Judicial System==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Type of Judicial System==</div></td></tr>
</table>Durankarhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8933&oldid=prevDurankar: /* Pre-trial Phase */2011-02-09T10:05:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pre-trial Phase</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was written in 1996 and came into effect in 1997. The South African Constitution is the supreme law of South Africa. No other laws may compromise any rights that are awarded to the defendant in the Bill of Rights, unless a court with the necessary power finds that there is a constitutionally permissible limitation. The current Constitution contains South Africa’s first Bill of Rights and represents a complete break from past apartheid-era policies. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was written in 1996 and came into effect in 1997. The South African Constitution is the supreme law of South Africa. No other laws may compromise any rights that are awarded to the defendant in the Bill of Rights, unless a court with the necessary power finds that there is a constitutionally permissible limitation. The current Constitution contains South Africa’s first Bill of Rights and represents a complete break from past apartheid-era policies. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pre-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">trial </del>Phase==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pre-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Trial </ins>Phase==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Durankarhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8932&oldid=prevDurankar: /* References */2011-02-09T10:03:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:03, 9 February 2011</td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 48:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#143966; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#ffffff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">QUICK FACTS</h2> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#143966; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#ffffff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">QUICK FACTS</h2> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>*South Africa has a total prison population of 160,026, with 319 per every 100,000 people in prison</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*South Africa has a total prison population of 160,026, with 319 per every 100,000 people in prison</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>*Approximately 29% of the South African prison population is made up of pre-trial detainees and .6% is comprised of juvenile prisoners</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Approximately 29% of the South African prison population is made up of pre-trial detainees and .6% is comprised of juvenile prisoners</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>*South Africa currently has 239 prison institutions with an official prison capacity of 118,154. The current occupancy level for South African prisons is at 135.4%. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*South Africa currently has 239 prison institutions with an official prison capacity of 118,154. The current occupancy level for South African prisons is at 135.4%. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Languages|South Africa}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Languages|South Africa}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Durankarhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8931&oldid=prevDurankar at 10:01, 9 February 20112011-02-09T10:01:37Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:01, 9 February 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Background=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=Background<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Republic of South Africa is divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s capital located at the city of Pretoria. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> In 1652, Dutch traders discovered the area surrounding Cape Town and in 1806 the territory was won by the British in the notorious Boer Wars. After independence in 1910, South Africa was ruled according to a policy of extreme apartheid (World Factbook). Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule (World Factbook). Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate (World Factbook). The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved (World Factbook). In South Africa, 79% of the population is native to Africa and 9.6% are European (World Factbook). The religion is predominately Christian, with over 36% of the population identifying as some Christian denomination. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Republic of South Africa is divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s capital located at the city of Pretoria. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> In 1652, Dutch traders discovered the area surrounding Cape Town and in 1806 the territory was won by the British in the notorious Boer Wars. After independence in 1910, South Africa was ruled according to a policy of extreme apartheid (World Factbook). Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule (World Factbook). Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate (World Factbook). The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved (World Factbook). In South Africa, 79% of the population is native to Africa and 9.6% are European (World Factbook). The religion is predominately Christian, with over 36% of the population identifying as some Christian denomination. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Type of Judicial System=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=Type of Judicial System<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The legal system in South Africa is a hybrid model comprised of constitutional provisions, national statutes, common law rules, and case law. Above all, the Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law, and no other laws may compromise any rights awarded in the Bill of Rights. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> The most important criminal trial courts are the District Magistrates’ Courts, the Regional Magistrates’ Courts, and the High Court. Trial procedures in the lower and higher courts are exactly the same, save for a few minor exceptions. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 499 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The legal system in South Africa is a hybrid model comprised of constitutional provisions, national statutes, common law rules, and case law. Above all, the Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law, and no other laws may compromise any rights awarded in the Bill of Rights. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> The most important criminal trial courts are the District Magistrates’ Courts, the Regional Magistrates’ Courts, and the High Court. Trial procedures in the lower and higher courts are exactly the same, save for a few minor exceptions. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 499 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Source of Defendant's Rights=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=Source of Defendant's Rights<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was written in 1996 and came into effect in 1997. The South African Constitution is the supreme law of South Africa. No other laws may compromise any rights that are awarded to the defendant in the Bill of Rights, unless a court with the necessary power finds that there is a constitutionally permissible limitation. The current Constitution contains South Africa’s first Bill of Rights and represents a complete break from past apartheid-era policies. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was written in 1996 and came into effect in 1997. The South African Constitution is the supreme law of South Africa. No other laws may compromise any rights that are awarded to the defendant in the Bill of Rights, unless a court with the necessary power finds that there is a constitutionally permissible limitation. The current Constitution contains South Africa’s first Bill of Rights and represents a complete break from past apartheid-era policies. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Pre-trial Phase=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=Pre-trial Phase<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Durankarhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8930&oldid=prevDurankar: /* Court Procedures */2011-02-09T10:00:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Court Procedures</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:00, 9 February 2011</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Section 35 (1) (d) of the South African Constitution details the rights of the arrested, detained and accused and is drawn from local statutory and common law procedures as well as international conventions. This section states that everyone who is detained has the right to be informed of the reasons for being detained, must be brought before a court within 48 hours of the arrest, has the right to legal representation, and has the right to communicate with or be visited by family. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 472-73 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Section 12 Article 1 also states that everyone has the right to freedom and security of person, which includes the right to: not be detained without trial, not be tortured in any way, to be free from all forms of violence, not to be deprived of freedom arbitrarily, and not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman, or degrading way. Arrests may be made with or without warrants. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 475 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Section 35 (1) (d) of the South African Constitution details the rights of the arrested, detained and accused and is drawn from local statutory and common law procedures as well as international conventions. This section states that everyone who is detained has the right to be informed of the reasons for being detained, must be brought before a court within 48 hours of the arrest, has the right to legal representation, and has the right to communicate with or be visited by family. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 472-73 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Section 12 Article 1 also states that everyone has the right to freedom and security of person, which includes the right to: not be detained without trial, not be tortured in any way, to be free from all forms of violence, not to be deprived of freedom arbitrarily, and not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman, or degrading way. Arrests may be made with or without warrants. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 475 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Court Procedures=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>=Court Procedures=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of pre-trial procedure, Section 35 (1) (e) of the Constitution states that at an arrested person’s first court appearance, the arrested must be either charged, released, or informed of the charges brought before them. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 500 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> In South Africa, there is no such thing as prosecutorial investigation. This means that the investigation of the crime is carried out by the police who then submit the file to a prosecutor. The prosecutor does not directly participate in any investigative work, but merely oversees the investigation and decides whether there is a successful chance of prosecution. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 501 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In terms of pre-trial procedure, Section 35 (1) (e) of the Constitution states that at an arrested person’s first court appearance, the arrested must be either charged, released, or informed of the charges brought before them. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 500 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> In South Africa, there is no such thing as prosecutorial investigation. This means that the investigation of the crime is carried out by the police who then submit the file to a prosecutor. The prosecutor does not directly participate in any investigative work, but merely oversees the investigation and decides whether there is a successful chance of prosecution. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 501 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>South African trial proceedings are largely adversarial. According to the principle of the presumption of innocence, prosecutors are required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt. All trials are also public. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 503 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Additionally, Section 35 (3) (e) of the Constitution guarantees the accused the right to be present at their trial, unless that person continues to exhibit loud and disruptive behavior. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 510 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Finally, the Constitution ensures that the accused have the constitutional right to be protected from double jeopardy, meaning they cannot be punished twice for the same single offense. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 506 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>South African trial proceedings are largely adversarial. According to the principle of the presumption of innocence, prosecutors are required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt. All trials are also public. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 503 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Additionally, Section 35 (3) (e) of the Constitution guarantees the accused the right to be present at their trial, unless that person continues to exhibit loud and disruptive behavior. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 510 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Finally, the Constitution ensures that the accused have the constitutional right to be protected from double jeopardy, meaning they cannot be punished twice for the same single offense. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 506 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Section 35 (3) (g) of the South African Constitution guarantees the accused the right to legal representation. If the accused cannot afford legal representation, the state will assign that person a legal practitioner. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 512 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Both the prosecution and the defense have the right to call witnesses to the stand and said witness has the right to refuse to answer questions if those questions incriminate them. Both parties may similarly call expert witnesses. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 513 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Section 35 (3) (g) of the South African Constitution guarantees the accused the right to legal representation. If the accused cannot afford legal representation, the state will assign that person a legal practitioner. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 512 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Both the prosecution and the defense have the right to call witnesses to the stand and said witness has the right to refuse to answer questions if those questions incriminate them. Both parties may similarly call expert witnesses. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 513 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Section 35 (3) (h) of the South African Constitution guarantees that an accused person has the right to appeal to a higher court. If an appeal is successful, the higher court may only set aside the previous conviction on the following grounds: that the trial court was not competent or that the indictment was invalid or there was some “technical irregularity or defect in the procedure”. The prosecution cannot appeal an acquittal of the accused (page 515). <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 515 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> South Africa has a system of automatic review in which the lower court sends the High Court a complete record of the case. A High Court judge must then confirm that the proceedings were “in accordance with justice”. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 516 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Section 35 (3) (h) of the South African Constitution guarantees that an accused person has the right to appeal to a higher court. If an appeal is successful, the higher court may only set aside the previous conviction on the following grounds: that the trial court was not competent or that the indictment was invalid or there was some “technical irregularity or defect in the procedure”. The prosecution cannot appeal an acquittal of the accused (page 515). <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 515 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> South Africa has a system of automatic review in which the lower court sends the High Court a complete record of the case. A High Court judge must then confirm that the proceedings were “in accordance with justice”. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 516 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td></tr>
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</table>Durankarhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8929&oldid=prevDurankar at 09:58, 9 February 20112011-02-09T09:58:46Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:58, 9 February 2011</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Background=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coming Soon! </del> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Republic of South Africa is divided into nine provinces, with the nation’s capital located at the city of Pretoria. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> In 1652, Dutch traders discovered the area surrounding Cape Town and in 1806 the territory was won by the British in the notorious Boer Wars. After independence in 1910, South Africa was ruled according to a policy of extreme apartheid (World Factbook). Only when the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994 did this system end and the nation celebrated its first ever majority rule (World Factbook). Today, the ANC still rules in a country that struggles with high poverty levels, economic inequality, poor education, and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS death rate (World Factbook). The ANC itself experiences increasingly high levels of infighting which threaten to disturb the general peace that the country has finally achieved (World Factbook). In South Africa, 79% of the population is native to Africa and 9.6% are European (World Factbook). The religion is predominately Christian, with over 36% of the population identifying as some Christian denomination. <ref>CIA World Factbook, available at <www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factboook></ref> </ins> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Type of Judicial System=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The legal system in South Africa is a hybrid model comprised of constitutional provisions, national statutes, common law rules, and case law. Above all, the Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law, and no other laws may compromise any rights awarded in the Bill of Rights. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> The most important criminal trial courts are the District Magistrates’ Courts, the Regional Magistrates’ Courts, and the High Court. Trial procedures in the lower and higher courts are exactly the same, save for a few minor exceptions. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 499 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Source of Defendant's Rights=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was written in 1996 and came into effect in 1997. The South African Constitution is the supreme law of South Africa. No other laws may compromise any rights that are awarded to the defendant in the Bill of Rights, unless a court with the necessary power finds that there is a constitutionally permissible limitation. The current Constitution contains South Africa’s first Bill of Rights and represents a complete break from past apartheid-era policies. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 471 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Pre-trial Phase=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Section 35 (1) (d) of the South African Constitution details the rights of the arrested, detained and accused and is drawn from local statutory and common law procedures as well as international conventions. This section states that everyone who is detained has the right to be informed of the reasons for being detained, must be brought before a court within 48 hours of the arrest, has the right to legal representation, and has the right to communicate with or be visited by family. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 472-73 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Section 12 Article 1 also states that everyone has the right to freedom and security of person, which includes the right to: not be detained without trial, not be tortured in any way, to be free from all forms of violence, not to be deprived of freedom arbitrarily, and not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman, or degrading way. Arrests may be made with or without warrants. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 475 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Court Procedures=</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In terms of pre-trial procedure, Section 35 (1) (e) of the Constitution states that at an arrested person’s first court appearance, the arrested must be either charged, released, or informed of the charges brought before them. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 500 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> In South Africa, there is no such thing as prosecutorial investigation. This means that the investigation of the crime is carried out by the police who then submit the file to a prosecutor. The prosecutor does not directly participate in any investigative work, but merely oversees the investigation and decides whether there is a successful chance of prosecution. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 501 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pre-trial motions that are intended to exclude evidence on the basis of exclusionary rules are not prominent in the South African legal system. Instead, objections to the admissibility of statements such as confessions or admissions are dealt with at the trial stage in a procedure that is known as the “trial-within-a-trial” system. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 502 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> The South African Constitutional Court has held that an accused person is constitutionally entitled to pre-trial discovery of all evidence in police files, unless said evidence compromises the identity of a witness/informer etc. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 503 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">South African trial proceedings are largely adversarial. According to the principle of the presumption of innocence, prosecutors are required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt. All trials are also public. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 503 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Additionally, Section 35 (3) (e) of the Constitution guarantees the accused the right to be present at their trial, unless that person continues to exhibit loud and disruptive behavior. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 510 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Finally, the Constitution ensures that the accused have the constitutional right to be protected from double jeopardy, meaning they cannot be punished twice for the same single offense. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 506 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Section 35 (3) (g) of the South African Constitution guarantees the accused the right to legal representation. If the accused cannot afford legal representation, the state will assign that person a legal practitioner. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 512 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> Both the prosecution and the defense have the right to call witnesses to the stand and said witness has the right to refuse to answer questions if those questions incriminate them. Both parties may similarly call expert witnesses. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 513 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">South African judges preside on the High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal, and Constitutional Court and are appointed by the President of South Africa. All judges must retire at age seventy. Additionally, South African magistrates are civil servants and can be either former prosecutors or lawyers. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 514 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> South Africa does not currently have statute addressing the rights of victims of crime. Victims of crimes cannot request that prosecutors either withdraw or proceed with any case. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 515 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Section 35 (3) (h) of the South African Constitution guarantees that an accused person has the right to appeal to a higher court. If an appeal is successful, the higher court may only set aside the previous conviction on the following grounds: that the trial court was not competent or that the indictment was invalid or there was some “technical irregularity or defect in the procedure”. The prosecution cannot appeal an acquittal of the accused (page 515). <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 515 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref> South Africa has a system of automatic review in which the lower court sends the High Court a complete record of the case. A High Court judge must then confirm that the proceedings were “in accordance with justice”. <ref>Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure A Worldwide Study 516 ( 2d ed., Carolina Academic Press 2007)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><references/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#143966; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#ffffff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">QUICK FACTS</h2> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#143966; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#ffffff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">QUICK FACTS</h2> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There are currently </del>160,026 people in South African <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prisons for </del>an <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">overall occupany rate </del>of 135.4 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">percent</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">South Africa has a total prison population of </ins>160,026<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, with 319 per every 100,000 </ins>people in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prison</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> *Approximately 29% of the </ins>South African <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prison population is made up of pre-trial detainees and .6% is comprised of juvenile prisoners</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> *South Africa currently has 239 prison institutions with </ins>an <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">official prison capacity </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">118,154. The current occupancy level for South African prisons is at </ins>135.4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">%</ins>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Durankarhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=South_Africa&diff=8665&oldid=prevIbjadmin at 14:03, 25 January 20112011-01-25T14:03:19Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style="float: right; padding:10px; margin:5px 0px 20px 20px; width: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">400px</del>; border: 1px solid darkblue"</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| style="float: right; padding:10px; margin:5px 0px 20px 20px; width: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">280px</ins>; border: 1px solid darkblue"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#143966; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#ffffff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">LEGAL RESOURCES FOR SOUTH AFRICA</h2> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#143966; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#ffffff; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">LEGAL RESOURCES FOR SOUTH AFRICA</h2> </div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadmin