https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&feed=atom&action=historyRights of the Accused under Shari'ah Law - Revision history2024-03-28T18:21:23ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.1https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=378327&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 08:27, 4 November 20162016-11-04T08:27:36Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====A. ''Shari’ah'' vs. Islamic Law====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====A. ''Shari’ah'' vs. Islamic Law====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The word ''Shari’ah'' means the path to the source and includes both the proscriptions contained in the Qur’an (Islam’s holy book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel) and the ''Sunnah'', which includes what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, approved and didn’t approve of. The ''Sunnah'' was documented in later centuries in what are called ''ahadith'' (saying, acts or tacit approvals/disapprovals-either valid or invalid, attributed to the Prophet Muhammad).<ref>Amin Isan Aslahi, Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation, p. 20, English translation of Mabadi Tadabbur-e Hadith, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi, (available at http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/DownloadContainer.aspx?id=71) (last visited Feb. 8, 2012).</ref> In other words, the Sunnah is the “lived example of the Prophet Muhammad”<ref>Asifa Quarishi, Who Says Shari’a Demands the Stoning of Women? A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism, Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Paper Series at New York Law School No. 08:30, at 4 (June 2008) [hereinafter A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism] (available at http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ssrn</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abstract=[1140204])</del>.</ref> who Muslims believe was the last Prophet in the line of Abrahamic prophets. Professor Asifa Quraishi translates to ''shari’ah'' to mean “God’s Law”.<ref>Quarishi, supra note 5 at 4.</ref> “It is ideal of how people should be in the world.”<ref>Id.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The word ''Shari’ah'' means the path to the source and includes both the proscriptions contained in the Qur’an (Islam’s holy book revealed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel) and the ''Sunnah'', which includes what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, approved and didn’t approve of. The ''Sunnah'' was documented in later centuries in what are called ''ahadith'' (saying, acts or tacit approvals/disapprovals-either valid or invalid, attributed to the Prophet Muhammad).<ref>Amin Isan Aslahi, Fundamentals of Hadith Interpretation, p. 20, English translation of Mabadi Tadabbur-e Hadith, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi, (available at http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/DownloadContainer.aspx?id=71) (last visited Feb. 8, 2012).</ref> In other words, the Sunnah is the “lived example of the Prophet Muhammad”<ref>Asifa Quarishi, Who Says Shari’a Demands the Stoning of Women? A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism, Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Paper Series at New York Law School No. 08:30, at 4 (June 2008) [hereinafter A Description of Islamic Law and Constitutionalism] (available at http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wluml.org/node</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7194</ins>.</ref> who Muslims believe was the last Prophet in the line of Abrahamic prophets. Professor Asifa Quraishi translates to ''shari’ah'' to mean “God’s Law”.<ref>Quarishi, supra note 5 at 4.</ref> “It is ideal of how people should be in the world.”<ref>Id.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While ''Shari’ah'' and “Islamic law” are often used interchangeably, Islamic law is actually a more expansive term that also includes the ways of interpreting the Qur’an, the ''Sunnah'' and ''fiqh'' (human knowledge- including theology and law).<ref>M. Charif Bassiouni, The Shari’a, Islamic Law, and Post-Conflict Justice, Presented at ISISC May 2011 Specialization Course: ICL 2011 - The Shari’a: Sources of Law and Selected Legal Aspects at 1 (May 2011).</ref> This is because, as Professor Quraishi explains, the Qur’an and the ''Sunnah'' do not “give you the answers to every single life question”.<ref>Quarishi, supra note 5 at 4.</ref> Thus, legal scholars within Muslim societies came up with ways to interpret those texts in order to produce specific legal conclusions.<ref>Id.</ref> In order to come to these conclusions, Muslim jurists used various “jurisprudential tools” including, but not limited to: cannons of construction, analogical reasoning (''qiyas''), public welfare (''maslaha''), consensus of scholars (''ijma''), etc.<ref>Id.</ref> Thus, these conclusions, when put together, compose what people think about when they contemplate the doctrine of Islamic law “in the sense of the rules governing Muslim lives”.<ref>Id.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While ''Shari’ah'' and “Islamic law” are often used interchangeably, Islamic law is actually a more expansive term that also includes the ways of interpreting the Qur’an, the ''Sunnah'' and ''fiqh'' (human knowledge- including theology and law).<ref>M. Charif Bassiouni, The Shari’a, Islamic Law, and Post-Conflict Justice, Presented at ISISC May 2011 Specialization Course: ICL 2011 - The Shari’a: Sources of Law and Selected Legal Aspects at 1 (May 2011).</ref> This is because, as Professor Quraishi explains, the Qur’an and the ''Sunnah'' do not “give you the answers to every single life question”.<ref>Quarishi, supra note 5 at 4.</ref> Thus, legal scholars within Muslim societies came up with ways to interpret those texts in order to produce specific legal conclusions.<ref>Id.</ref> In order to come to these conclusions, Muslim jurists used various “jurisprudential tools” including, but not limited to: cannons of construction, analogical reasoning (''qiyas''), public welfare (''maslaha''), consensus of scholars (''ijma''), etc.<ref>Id.</ref> Thus, these conclusions, when put together, compose what people think about when they contemplate the doctrine of Islamic law “in the sense of the rules governing Muslim lives”.<ref>Id.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=378322&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 07:55, 4 November 20162016-11-04T07:55:23Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All but seven of the forty-four Muslim majority countries are parties to the 1984 Convention against Torture (“1984 Torture Convention”).<ref>Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) 85 UN Treaty Ser 1465. The six non-parties are: Brunei, Comoros, Iran, Malaysia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. See United Nations Convention against Torture, Ratifications and Reservations, (available at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=4&subid=A&lang=en) (last visited Feb. 13, 2012).</ref> The convention forbids torture and requires party states to criminalize and prevent torture,<ref>United Nations Convention against Torture, art 2.</ref> to train law-enforcement personnel to comply with and enforce the prohibition,<ref>Id. art. 2 & 4.</ref> to review rules and practices of interrogation and detention in the interest of maintaining the prohibition,<ref>Id. art. 10.</ref> to provide reliable and safe means of complaint and redress for alleged victims of torture<ref>Id. art 11.</ref> and to investigate credible allegations of torture promptly and impartially.<ref>Id. art 13 &14.</ref> In fact, only one majority Muslim country that is a party to the convention has formally suggested that anything about the convention might be inconsistent with Islamic law. Upon accession to the treaty in 2000, the small constitutional monarchy of Qatar declared a reservation with respect to “any interpretation of the provisions of the Convention that is incompatible with the precepts of Islamic law and the Islamic religion.”<ref>Reza, supra note 17, at 35.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All but seven of the forty-four Muslim majority countries are parties to the 1984 Convention against Torture (“1984 Torture Convention”).<ref>Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) 85 UN Treaty Ser 1465. The six non-parties are: Brunei, Comoros, Iran, Malaysia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. See United Nations Convention against Torture, Ratifications and Reservations, (available at http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties.aspx?id=4&subid=A&lang=en) (last visited Feb. 13, 2012).</ref> The convention forbids torture and requires party states to criminalize and prevent torture,<ref>United Nations Convention against Torture, art 2.</ref> to train law-enforcement personnel to comply with and enforce the prohibition,<ref>Id. art. 2 & 4.</ref> to review rules and practices of interrogation and detention in the interest of maintaining the prohibition,<ref>Id. art. 10.</ref> to provide reliable and safe means of complaint and redress for alleged victims of torture<ref>Id. art 11.</ref> and to investigate credible allegations of torture promptly and impartially.<ref>Id. art 13 &14.</ref> In fact, only one majority Muslim country that is a party to the convention has formally suggested that anything about the convention might be inconsistent with Islamic law. Upon accession to the treaty in 2000, the small constitutional monarchy of Qatar declared a reservation with respect to “any interpretation of the provisions of the Convention that is incompatible with the precepts of Islamic law and the Islamic religion.”<ref>Reza, supra note 17, at 35.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As Professor Reza notes, the acceptance of other international covenants by Muslim countries, does nevertheless, show a modern perception that banning torture is “consistent with Islamic law, if not compelled by it."<ref>Id. at 35.</ref> This viewpoint becomes clear in human rights schemes that began in the Muslim world, specifically: the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights (“1981 Universal Declaration”),<ref>Id. at 36.</ref> the 1990 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (“1990 Cairo Declaration”),<ref>Id. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights is available online at: http://www.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unhcr</del>.org/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">refworld</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">publisher,ARAB,,,3ae6b3822c,0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">html</del>.</ref> and a 1994 Arab Charter on Human Rights, revised in 2004.<ref>Id.</ref> Each if these documents bans torture and indicates that not only is the prohibition compatible with Islamic law, but it is in fact grounded in it.<ref>Id.</ref> As for the countries that have not acceded to the 1984 Torture Convention, for example Iran, has banned torture in its constitution.<ref>Reza, supra note 20, at 38, (Citing Iran Const, art 38). </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As Professor Reza notes, the acceptance of other international covenants by Muslim countries, does nevertheless, show a modern perception that banning torture is “consistent with Islamic law, if not compelled by it."<ref>Id. at 35.</ref> This viewpoint becomes clear in human rights schemes that began in the Muslim world, specifically: the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights (“1981 Universal Declaration”),<ref>Id. at 36.</ref> the 1990 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (“1990 Cairo Declaration”),<ref>Id. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights is available online at: http://www.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oic-oci</ins>.org/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">english</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">article/human</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">htm</ins>.</ref> and a 1994 Arab Charter on Human Rights, revised in 2004.<ref>Id.</ref> Each if these documents bans torture and indicates that not only is the prohibition compatible with Islamic law, but it is in fact grounded in it.<ref>Id.</ref> As for the countries that have not acceded to the 1984 Torture Convention, for example Iran, has banned torture in its constitution.<ref>Reza, supra note 20, at 38, (Citing Iran Const, art 38). </ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=====c. Basic Rights of the Accused in Islam===== </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=====c. Basic Rights of the Accused in Islam===== </div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=228842&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 08:23, 4 April 20132013-04-04T08:23:14Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Languages|Rights of the Accused under Shari'ah Law}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author’s Note:''' This brief synopsis of Islamic law emphasizes the classical and medieval interpretative approaches, interspersed with contemporary points of view. This article is in no way attempts to deal with Islamic law in-depth; rather it is the goal of International Bridges to Justice to provide an overview of the rights of the accused in Shari’ah and a bit of historical context for understanding the Quran’s approach to those rights. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author’s Note:''' This brief synopsis of Islamic law emphasizes the classical and medieval interpretative approaches, interspersed with contemporary points of view. This article is in no way attempts to deal with Islamic law in-depth; rather it is the goal of International Bridges to Justice to provide an overview of the rights of the accused in Shari’ah and a bit of historical context for understanding the Quran’s approach to those rights. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=12170&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 08:27, 11 July 20122012-07-11T08:27:50Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author’s Note:''' This brief synopsis of Islamic law <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </del>emphasizes the classical and medieval interpretative approaches, interspersed with contemporary points of view. This article is in no way attempts to deal with Islamic law in-depth; rather it is the goal of International Bridges to Justice to provide an overview of the rights of the accused in Shari’ah and a bit of historical context for understanding the Quran’s approach to those rights. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author’s Note:''' This brief synopsis of Islamic law emphasizes the classical and medieval interpretative approaches, interspersed with contemporary points of view. This article is in no way attempts to deal with Islamic law in-depth; rather it is the goal of International Bridges to Justice to provide an overview of the rights of the accused in Shari’ah and a bit of historical context for understanding the Quran’s approach to those rights. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==I. Contextual Background – Pre-Islamic Arabia and Islamic Law==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==I. Contextual Background – Pre-Islamic Arabia and Islamic Law==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=11329&oldid=prevCarlipierson: /* Note about the author and editor */2012-04-21T09:39:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Note about the author and editor</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Note about the author and editor==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Note about the author and editor==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article was written by Carli Pierson <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>a third year law student at Nova Southeastern University <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">– </del>Shepard Broad Law <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">School </del>in Fort Lauderdale Florida. She is specializing in international law and has a background in Islamic Studies and ''Shari’ah''. Hamid M. Khan edited this article and currently is a Senior Program Officer at the U.S. Institute of Peace and Professorial Lecturer of Islamic Law at George Washington University Law School. '''This article represents the views of the author and not those of International Bridges to Justice.'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article was written by Carli Pierson<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>a third year law student at Nova Southeastern University<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'s </ins>Shepard Broad Law <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Center </ins>in Fort Lauderdale<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>Florida. She is specializing in international law and has a background in Islamic Studies and ''Shari’ah''. Hamid M. Khan edited this article and currently is a Senior Program Officer at the U.S. Institute of Peace and Professorial Lecturer of Islamic Law at George Washington University Law School. '''This article represents the views of the author and not those of International Bridges to Justice.'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td></tr>
</table>Carlipiersonhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=11259&oldid=prevCarlipierson at 15:55, 10 April 20122012-04-10T15:55:50Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:55, 10 April 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author’s Note:''' This brief synopsis of Islamic law is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">approached with an eye for </del>the classical and medieval interpretative approaches, interspersed with contemporary points of view. This article is in no way attempts to deal with Islamic law in-depth; rather it is the goal of International Bridges to Justice to provide an overview of the rights of the accused in Shari’ah and a bit of historical context for understanding the Quran’s approach to those rights. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Author’s Note:''' This brief synopsis of Islamic law is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emphasizes </ins>the classical and medieval interpretative approaches, interspersed with contemporary points of view. This article is in no way attempts to deal with Islamic law in-depth; rather it is the goal of International Bridges to Justice to provide an overview of the rights of the accused in Shari’ah and a bit of historical context for understanding the Quran’s approach to those rights. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==I. Contextual Background – Pre-Islamic Arabia and Islamic Law==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==I. Contextual Background – Pre-Islamic Arabia and Islamic Law==</div></td></tr>
</table>Carlipiersonhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=11243&oldid=prevCarlipierson: /* 2. Presumption of Innocence */2012-04-05T07:40:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2. Presumption of Innocence</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:40, 5 April 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l96" >Line 96:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avoid condemning the Muslim to ''hudud'' whenever you can, and when you can find a way out for the Muslim then release him for it. If the Imam errs it is better that he errs in favor of innocence [pardon] than in favor of guilt [punishment].”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Citing Al Turmuzy, No. 1424; Al Baighagi, No. 8/338; Al Hakim, No. 4384).</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avoid condemning the Muslim to ''hudud'' whenever you can, and when you can find a way out for the Muslim then release him for it. If the Imam errs it is better that he errs in favor of innocence [pardon] than in favor of guilt [punishment].”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Citing Al Turmuzy, No. 1424; Al Baighagi, No. 8/338; Al Hakim, No. 4384).</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is firmly established principle in ''qisas'' crimes that circumstantial evidence favorable to the accused is to be relied upon, while if unfavorable to him it is to be disregarded.<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43.</ref> Regarding the lesser ta`zir offenses, the presumption of innocence applies as well. In his Farewell Sermon, the Prophet said: “Your lives, your property, and your honor are a sacred trust upon you until you meet your Lord on the Day of Resurrection.”<ref>Id.</ref> Professor Bassiouni notes that this passage has been interpreted to mean that the duty to protect life, property<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and honor cannot be breached without positive proof of crime.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43-44.</ref> It is thus a fundamental rule in Islamic criminal law that: “The burden of proof is on the proponent, and the oath is incumbent on the one who denies.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 44 (Referencing Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Bayhaqi, Kitab al-Sunan al-Kubra, 253 (Vol. 10, Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Fikr, 1925). For application of the principle, see Ibn Abi al-Damm al_Hamawi, Adab Al-Qudat (Damascus, Syria: Dar Al Fikr, 1982).</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is firmly established principle in ''qisas'' crimes that circumstantial evidence favorable to the accused is to be relied upon, while if unfavorable to him it is to be disregarded.<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43.</ref> Regarding the lesser ta`zir offenses, the presumption of innocence applies as well. In his Farewell Sermon, the Prophet said: “Your lives, your property, and your honor are a sacred trust upon you until you meet your Lord on the Day of Resurrection.”<ref>Id.</ref> Professor Bassiouni notes that this passage has been interpreted to mean that the duty to protect life, property and honor cannot be breached without positive proof of crime.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43-44.</ref> It is thus a fundamental rule in Islamic criminal law that: “The burden of proof is on the proponent, and the oath is incumbent on the one who denies.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 44 (Referencing Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Bayhaqi, Kitab al-Sunan al-Kubra, 253 (Vol. 10, Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al Fikr, 1925). For application of the principle, see Ibn Abi al-Damm al_Hamawi, Adab Al-Qudat (Damascus, Syria: Dar Al Fikr, 1982).</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====3. Equality before the law==== </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====3. Equality before the law==== </div></td></tr>
</table>Carlipiersonhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=11242&oldid=prevCarlipierson: /* 2. Presumption of Innocence */2012-04-05T07:39:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2. Presumption of Innocence</span></span></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l87" >Line 87:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====2. Presumption of Innocence====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====2. Presumption of Innocence====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The principle of the presumption of innocence is applicable both to criminal legislation and the implementation of it. In fact, in an early ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hadith</del>'' (recorded sayings of the Prophet by his companions), the Prophet stated: “Had men been believed only according to their allegations, some persons would have claimed the blood and properties belonging to others, but the accuser is bound to present positive proof.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 44 (Citing Al Baihagi, The 40 Hadith of Imam al Nawawi, No. 33.)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The principle of the presumption of innocence is applicable both to criminal legislation and the implementation of it. In fact, in an early ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hadith</ins>'' (recorded sayings of the Prophet by his companions), the Prophet stated: “Had men been believed only according to their allegations, some persons would have claimed the blood and properties belonging to others, but the accuser is bound to present positive proof.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 44 (Citing Al Baihagi, The 40 Hadith of Imam al Nawawi, No. 33.)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Regarding the application of the principle of the presumption of innocence to the categories of crimes in Islamic Law the following </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Regarding the application of the principle of the presumption of innocence to the categories of crimes in Islamic Law the following </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''ahadith'' (pl. of ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hadith</del>'') are relevant: </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''ahadith'' (pl. of ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hadith</ins>'') are relevant: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Prophet said: “avoid using circumstantial evidence in ''hudud''”, which are the most serious of all crimes because they are explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an.<ref> Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Referencing Aly Aly Mansour, Nizam al-Tajrim Wal `Oquba fil Islam (Vol. 1, Medinah, Saudi Arabia: Mowassat Al Zahra, 1976).</ref> Referring to this ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hadith</del>'', Aisha (the wife of the Prophet) reported that the Prophet also said: </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Prophet said: “avoid using circumstantial evidence in ''hudud''”, which are the most serious of all crimes because they are explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an.<ref> Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Referencing Aly Aly Mansour, Nizam al-Tajrim Wal `Oquba fil Islam (Vol. 1, Medinah, Saudi Arabia: Mowassat Al Zahra, 1976).</ref> Referring to this ''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hadith</ins>'', Aisha (the wife of the Prophet) reported that the Prophet also said: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avoid condemning the Muslim to ''hudud'' whenever you can, and when you can find a way out for the Muslim then release him for it. If the Imam errs it is better that he errs in favor of innocence [pardon] than in favor of guilt [punishment].”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Citing Al Turmuzy, No. 1424; Al Baighagi, No. 8/338; Al Hakim, No. 4384).</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avoid condemning the Muslim to ''hudud'' whenever you can, and when you can find a way out for the Muslim then release him for it. If the Imam errs it is better that he errs in favor of innocence [pardon] than in favor of guilt [punishment].”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Citing Al Turmuzy, No. 1424; Al Baighagi, No. 8/338; Al Hakim, No. 4384).</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Carlipiersonhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=11241&oldid=prevCarlipierson: /* 2. Presumption of Innocence */2012-04-05T07:38:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2. Presumption of Innocence</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:38, 5 April 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''ahadith'' (pl. of ''Hadith'') are relevant: </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''ahadith'' (pl. of ''Hadith'') are relevant: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Prophet said: “avoid using circumstantial evidence in ''hudud''”, which are the most serious of all crimes because they are explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an.<ref> Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Referencing Aly Aly Mansour, Nizam al-Tajrim Wal `Oquba fil Islam (Vol. 1, Medinah, Saudi Arabia: Mowassat Al Zahra, 1976).</ref> Referring to this ''Hadith'', Aisha (the wife of the Prophet) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also </del>reported that the Prophet also said: </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Prophet said: “avoid using circumstantial evidence in ''hudud''”, which are the most serious of all crimes because they are explicitly mentioned in the Qur’an.<ref> Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Referencing Aly Aly Mansour, Nizam al-Tajrim Wal `Oquba fil Islam (Vol. 1, Medinah, Saudi Arabia: Mowassat Al Zahra, 1976).</ref> Referring to this ''Hadith'', Aisha (the wife of the Prophet) reported that the Prophet also said: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avoid condemning the Muslim to ''hudud'' whenever you can, and when you can find a way out for the Muslim then release him for it. If the Imam errs it is better that he errs in favor of innocence [pardon] than in favor of guilt [punishment].”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Citing Al Turmuzy, No. 1424; Al Baighagi, No. 8/338; Al Hakim, No. 4384).</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avoid condemning the Muslim to ''hudud'' whenever you can, and when you can find a way out for the Muslim then release him for it. If the Imam errs it is better that he errs in favor of innocence [pardon] than in favor of guilt [punishment].”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 43 (Citing Al Turmuzy, No. 1424; Al Baighagi, No. 8/338; Al Hakim, No. 4384).</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Carlipiersonhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Rights_of_the_Accused_under_Shari%27ah_Law&diff=11240&oldid=prevCarlipierson: /* 2. Presumption of Innocence */2012-04-05T07:37:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2. Presumption of Innocence</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:37, 5 April 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====2. Presumption of Innocence====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====2. Presumption of Innocence====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The principle of the presumption of innocence is applicable both to criminal legislation and the implementation of it. In fact, in an early ''Hadith''(recorded sayings of the Prophet by his companions), the Prophet stated: “Had men been believed only according to their allegations, some persons would have claimed the blood and properties belonging to others, but the accuser is bound to present positive proof.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 44 (Citing Al Baihagi, The 40 Hadith of Imam al Nawawi, No. 33.)</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The principle of the presumption of innocence is applicable both to criminal legislation and the implementation of it. In fact, in an early ''Hadith'' (recorded sayings of the Prophet by his companions), the Prophet stated: “Had men been believed only according to their allegations, some persons would have claimed the blood and properties belonging to others, but the accuser is bound to present positive proof.”<ref>Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 44 (Citing Al Baihagi, The 40 Hadith of Imam al Nawawi, No. 33.)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Regarding the application of the principle of the presumption of innocence to the categories of crimes in Islamic Law the following </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Regarding the application of the principle of the presumption of innocence to the categories of crimes in Islamic Law the following </div></td></tr>
</table>Carlipierson