https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&feed=atom&action=historyMotions - Revision history2024-03-28T19:26:41ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.1https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=228847&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 08:26, 4 April 20132013-04-04T08:26:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Background=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Background=</div></td></tr>
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</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=6903&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Dismiss for Invalid Indictment or Other Charging Document */2010-11-12T13:45:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Dismiss for Invalid Indictment or Other Charging Document</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:45, 12 November 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Invalid Indictment or Other Charging Document==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Invalid Indictment or Other Charging Document==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that the process by which a charge was initiated against him was improper or invalid. For example, defendant has a right to be indicted by a Grand Jury pursuant to the Fifth Amendment if he is to be tried in an American federal court. A possible allegation could be that the Grand Jury did not contain a sufficient number of persons, or that the Government used false evidence during the Grand Jury proceeding. This motion must generally be made before trial, or is deemed waived. If an indictment or other charging document is deemed invalid, the Government can normally re-charge the defendant without violating the Double Jeopardy clause.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that the process by which a charge was initiated against him was improper or invalid. For example, defendant has a right to be indicted by a Grand Jury pursuant to the Fifth Amendment if he is to be tried in an American federal court. A possible allegation could be that the Grand Jury did not contain a sufficient number of persons, or that the Government used false evidence during the Grand Jury proceeding. This motion must generally be made before trial, or is deemed waived. If an indictment or other charging document is deemed invalid, the Government can normally re-charge the defendant without violating the Double Jeopardy clause.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">----</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See [[Defenses]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Notes=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Notes=</div></td></tr>
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</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5705&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure */2010-08-18T08:44:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:44, 18 August 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a [[Search and Seizure|search or a seizure]] without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Stop </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frisk </del>| ''Terry Stop'']] (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a [[Search and Seizure|search or a seizure]] without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Stops </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frisks </ins>| ''Terry Stop'']] (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's [[Right to Non Self-Incrimination | Right Against Self Incrimination]]. ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's [[Right to Non Self-Incrimination | Right Against Self Incrimination]]. ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5380&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion in Limine */2010-08-10T08:38:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion in Limine</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Motion in Limine=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Motion in Limine=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A Motion in Limine is a motion asking the Court to rule on the admissibility of evidence or other trial procedures prior to trial. A Motion in Limine is appropriate anytime waiting until midtrial to address the issue could defeat the purpose of the motion. Often, non-constitutional objections to certain evidence should be heard before trial, because waiting until mid-trial to object could result in the jury hearing about the prejudicial evidence regardless of the Court's ruling on the objection. Whether a matter is properly raised "in limine", as opposed to during trial, is in the discretion of the Court. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A Motion in Limine is a motion asking the Court to rule on the admissibility of evidence or other trial procedures prior to trial. A Motion in Limine is appropriate anytime waiting until midtrial to address the issue could defeat the purpose of the motion. Often, non-constitutional objections to certain <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Evidence | </ins>evidence<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>should be heard before trial, because waiting until mid-trial to object could result in the jury hearing about the prejudicial evidence regardless of the Court's ruling on the objection. Whether a matter is properly raised "in limine", as opposed to during trial, is in the discretion of the Court.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Motion to Dismiss=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Motion to Dismiss=</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5379&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination. */2010-08-10T08:35:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination.</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:35, 10 August 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a [[Search and Seizure|search or a seizure]] without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the [[Stop and Frisk | ''Terry Stop'']] (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a [[Search and Seizure|search or a seizure]] without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the [[Stop and Frisk | ''Terry Stop'']] (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination. ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Right to Non Self-Incrimination | </ins>Right Against Self Incrimination<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that he or she was subject to custodial interrogation without first being advised of (1) the right to remain silent, (2) the right to have a lawyer present during questioning, and (3) the right to have a lawyer provided if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, and knowingly and voluntarily waives those rights.<ref>Miranda v. Arizona, 386 U.S. 486 (1966)</ref> Very often, such motions seek exclusion of a defendant's confession to a crime or other damaging statements. If a court grants such a motion, the Government may not admit the defendant's statements into evidence, except in rebuttal. Therefore even if the police violate a defendant's Miranda rights in obtaining a statement the Government may still use the evidence at trial if the defendants testifies inconsistently with the statement.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that he or she was subject to custodial interrogation without first being advised of (1) the right to remain silent, (2) the right to have a lawyer present during questioning, and (3) the right to have a lawyer provided if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, and knowingly and voluntarily waives those rights.<ref>Miranda v. Arizona, 386 U.S. 486 (1966)</ref> Very often, such motions seek exclusion of a defendant's confession to a crime or other damaging statements. If a court grants such a motion, the Government may not admit the defendant's statements into evidence, except in rebuttal. Therefore even if the police violate a defendant's Miranda rights in obtaining a statement the Government may still use the evidence at trial if the defendants testifies inconsistently with the statement.</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5378&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Dismiss for Violation of the Sixth Amendment's Right to a Speedy Trial */2010-08-10T08:34:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Dismiss for Violation of the Sixth Amendment's Right to a Speedy Trial</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:34, 10 August 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Violation of the Sixth Amendment's Right to a Speedy Trial==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Violation of the Sixth Amendment's Right to a Speedy Trial==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that the Government has caused undue delay in putting him on trial such that the case should be dismissed. As a Constitutional issue under the Sixth Amendment, a defendant must show that he has been harmed by the delay such that he cannot receive a fair trial. Long delays can impair one's ability to prepare a defense because witnesses die, documents and other evidence are lost, and memories fade. Most states also have statutory speedy trial rights , and many of those set strict deadlines on the Government for bringing a defendant to trial such that dismissal is mandatory upon a speedy trial violation regardless of prejudice to a defendant.<ref>See Virginia Code 19.2-243</ref> In most cases, speedy trial motions must be made before are trial or are deemed waived.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that the Government has caused undue delay in putting him on trial such that the case should be dismissed. As a Constitutional issue under the Sixth Amendment, a defendant must show that he has been harmed by the delay such that he cannot receive a fair trial. Long delays can impair one's ability to prepare a defense because witnesses die, documents and other evidence are lost, and memories fade. Most states also have statutory <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Right to a Speedy Trial | </ins>speedy trial rights<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>, and many of those set strict deadlines on the Government for bringing a defendant to trial such that dismissal is mandatory upon a speedy trial violation regardless of prejudice to a defendant.<ref>See Virginia Code 19.2-243</ref> In most cases, speedy trial motions must be made before are trial or are deemed waived.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Destruction of Evidence Pursuant to the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Destruction of Evidence Pursuant to the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5377&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause */2010-08-10T08:33:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:33, 10 August 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Double Jeopardy Clause ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that he has already been convicted, acquitted, or punished for an offense which is considered non-distinct from the pending charge, such that conviction or punishment for the pending charge would amount to double jeopardy.<Ref>Blockburger v. United States,284 U.S. 299 (1932)</ref> In many cases this motion must be made before trial or it is deemed waived.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that he has already been convicted, acquitted, or punished for an offense which is considered non-distinct from the pending charge, such that conviction or punishment for the pending charge would amount to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[ Double Jeopardy | </ins>double jeopardy<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.<Ref>Blockburger v. United States,284 U.S. 299 (1932)</ref> In many cases this motion must be made before trial or it is deemed waived.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Violation of the Sixth Amendment's Right to a Speedy Trial==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Dismiss for Violation of the Sixth Amendment's Right to a Speedy Trial==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5376&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Suppress Identifications Procedures Pursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment */2010-08-10T08:32:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Suppress Identifications Procedures Pursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:32, 10 August 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Identifications Procedures Pursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Identifications Procedures Pursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police conducted an identification procedure, such as a lineup, a show-up, or a photo-spread, that improperly suggested to a witness to identify the defendant as the perpetrator of a crime.<ref>Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972).</ref> In such motions the government must prove that any identification procedures used were not "unduly suggestive". If a Court finds that an identification procedure was unduly suggestive, the Government may not admit evidence about the identification procedure at trial. If the circumstances also demonstrate that the witness' in-court identification of the defendant was tainted by the suggestive identification procedure, the Court may also forbid the witness from identifying the defendant at trial.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police conducted an identification procedure, such as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Showups, Lineups, and Photo Arrays | </ins>lineup, a show-up, or a photo-spread<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, that improperly suggested to a witness to identify the defendant as the perpetrator of a crime.<ref>Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972).</ref> In such motions the government must prove that any identification procedures used were not "unduly suggestive". If a Court finds that an identification procedure was unduly suggestive, the Government may not admit evidence about the identification procedure at trial. If the circumstances also demonstrate that the witness' in-court identification of the defendant was tainted by the suggestive identification procedure, the Court may also forbid the witness from identifying the defendant at trial.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Motion in Limine=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Motion in Limine=</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5375&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure */2010-08-10T08:31:25Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a [[Search and Seizure|search or a seizure]] without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the ''Terry Stop'' (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a [[Search and Seizure|search or a seizure]] without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Stop and Frisk | </ins>''Terry Stop''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins> (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination. ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination. ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadminhttps://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Motions&diff=5374&oldid=prevIbjadmin: /* Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure */2010-08-10T08:31:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:31, 10 August 2010</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Evidence Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment's Right Against Unreasonable Search and Seizure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a search or a seizure without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the ''Terry Stop'' (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This motion arises when a defendant alleges that police or other government agents conducted a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Search and Seizure|</ins>search or a seizure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>without sufficient Constitutional cause. The term seizure applies to the seizure of a person, like with an arrest or a traffic stop, or to the seizure of tangible evidence. A defendant can challenge a search or a seizure if he or she had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the area searched or the item seized.<ref>Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967)</ref> If a Court rules that such a violation has occurred, the seized evidence is suppressed, as well as any other evidence that would not have been obtained but for the violation.<ref>See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)</ref> The Fourth Amendment generally requires police to obtain a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, but many judicially created exceptions to this general rule exist. If police obtained a warrant before conducting a search or a seizure, the burden is on the defendant to prove that the warrant was not valid.<ref>Franks v. Deleware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983)</ref> If police conducted the search or a seizure without a warrant, the burden is on the government to establish that one of the exceptions applies. The exceptions include the ''Terry Stop'' (limited seizure of a person, short of an arrest, requires only reasonable suspicion and not a warrant)<ref>Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); Berkemer v. McCarty 468 U.S. 420 (1984)</ref>; plain view (the police observed the evidence while standing in a lawful position before conducting a search), and exigent circumstances (police had to act quickly to prevent an immediate harm or the destruction of evidence). Illegal wiretaps, illegal traffic stops, illegal arrests, and illegal searches of homes or personal property are all addressed under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination. ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Motion to Suppress Statements Pursuant to the Fifth Amendment's Right Against Self Incrimination. ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ibjadmin