Criminal Defense Wiki - User contributions [en]

Romania

2012-12-14T08:59:55Z

Jfischer: Created page with "=I. Background Information= Romania is a country located at the intersection of Central and Southeastern Europe. It transitioned from a Communist System to a Partial multi-pa..."

=I. Background Information=

Romania is a country located at the intersection of Central and Southeastern Europe. It transitioned from a Communist System to a Partial multi-party Democratic System after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. It is currently a semi-presidential parliamentary representative democratic republic. The Prime Minister is head of government while the President exercises functions of head of state

=II. Type of system=

Romania has a civil law system based on Roman law and the Napoleonic Code. The Judicial system is an inquisitorial system, where the courts are actively involved in investigating the facts of a case. As opposed to the adversarial system where the judge acts as an independent referee who hears the case from both parties before coming to a decision. The Judiciary is independent, judges appointed by the president and are not removable. Judges of Supreme Court are appointed for 6 year terms and may serve consecutive terms. Proceedings are public unless special circumstances provided for in law.

There are 5 types of courts. Namely the Constitutional Courts, High Court of Cassation and Justice (Supreme Court), Courts of Appeal, County Courts and Local Courts.

=III. Sources of Defendants’ Rights=

The Constitution of Romania is the main source of Defendants' Rights and was adopted on 21 November 1991 and amended on 2003.

The Constitution lays out the rights of the citizen with regards to fundamental rights, freedoms and duties. Of note is that the death penalty is prohibited in Romania. With regards to personal freedom and liberty, detention on suspicion of a crime may not last beyond 24 hours. The right to defence is guaranteed and throughout trial, parties have the right to be assisted by a lawyer of their choosing, or appointed by the government.

=IV. Rights of the accused at the different stages of the proceedings=

==Pre-trial phase==

===Arrest: ===
Person detained or arrested will be informed promptly in a language he/she understands of the grounds of his/her detention and notified of the charges against him/her as soon as possible.

===Searches and seizure and protection of privacy ===

===Rules applying to pre-trial detention: ===
Detention should not extend beyond 24 hours. There is a right to a lawyer and the government will provide one if the detainee is unable to afford one.

===Interrogation at the pre-trial phase: ===
Detainees have a right to remain silent. There is no law requiring the authorities to state these to the detainee at the time of arrest.

==Court procedures==

===Investigation phase: ===
There is no Haebus Corpus (writ requiring that person be brought before a court to determine if they have been lawfully detained). A person’s domicile and residence are inviolable (Article 27 of the Constitution) without a court-issued warrant. Privacy of letters, telegrams and other postal communications, telephone conversations and other legal means of communication are inviolable (Article 27 of the Constitution of Romania) without a court-issued warrant. Evidence cannot be obtained with the use of violence, threats, or other constraints. Court-issued warrants are necessary for phone-tapping and mail interception, or to conduct the search of a location where consent is not given by a person in control of the object or property to be searched. While a domiciliary (i.e. home, car) search can be authorized only by the court after an investigation is initiated, a corporal (i.e. body) search may be authorized by the police investigator, the prosecutor or the judge. Domiciliary searches and removal of items of evidence can take place only in the presence of the suspect or defendant, a family member, or a neighbor who will act as a witness. Evidence illegally obtained may not be used in the course of the criminal trial. The defendant benefits from the presumption of innocence and is not obliged to prove his/her innocence

===Interrogation: ===
Items submitted as evidence may include testimonies of the suspect or the defendant, testimonies of the victim or the civil party in the trial, testimonies of the witnesses, documents, audio or video recordings, photos, physical evidence, forensic findings and conclusions of the expert witnesses. The defendant has the right to attempt to prove the inconsistency of the evidence presented by the prosecution. During the criminal trial, the parties may enter additional items of evidence. The request to enter evidence cannot be rejected if the item is conclusive and useful. The approval or rejection of such a request must be decided and explained by the judge.

==Post-conviction==

===Appeals: ===
The Romanian law provides for two consecutive phases of appeal that can be filed against a sentence or court decision. The first appeal can be brought for factual grounds (based on or restricted to facts) or legal grounds (motives related to legal provisions). The court decision pronounced in this first appeal can also be subject to a second appeal, but only for a limited number of legal grounds as provided by article 3859 of the Romanian Criminal Procedure Code. The appeal must be filed within 10 days, counted from the date when the convicted party was informed of the sentence, either by being present in court when the judge read the verdict or by receiving a copy of the sentence. The appeal hearing must be scheduled within three days of filing. The court of appeals has the discretion to retry the case in its entirety or remand the case to the lower court for retrial. If the accused is again found guilty, the sentencing takes place immediately.

Criminal Justice Systems Around the World

2012-12-14T08:55:20Z

Jfischer:

Criminal justice systems can be loosely classified as either common, civil, Islamic or socialist law in nature. However, today many jurisdictions have adopted hybrid models that combine elements of various legal systems. Many of these systems share a common set of [[Core Values | core values]]. In addition, most criminal justice systems have adopted a [[Legality Principle | legality principle]]. Almost every criminal justice system is made of of similar [[Actors in the Criminal Justice System | actors]].

==Country Pages==
<div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Afghanistan
* Algeria
* Angola
* [[Argentina]]
* Armenia
* Australia
*[[Austria]]
* [[Azerbaijan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* Belgium
* Benin
* [[Bolivia]]
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Brunei]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Cameroon]]
*[[Cambodia]]
* [[Canada]]
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* [[Chile]]
*[[China]]
*[[Colombia]]
* Côte d'Ivoire
* [[Cuba]]
* Cyprus
* [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
* [[Ecuador]]
* [[Egypt]]
* El Salvador
*[[England and Wales]]
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* [[France]]
** French Guiana
* [[Georgia]]
*[[Germany]]
</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea Bissau
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Hong Kong
*[[India]]
*[[Indonesia]]
*Iran
*Iraq
*Ireland
*Israel
* [[Italy]]
*[[Jamaica]]
*[[Japan]]
* Jordan
*[[Kenya]]
*[[Laos]]
* Lebanon
* [[Liberia]]
* Malawi
* [[Malaysia]]
* Mali
*[[Mexico]]
* Mongolia
* Morocco
*[[Myanmar]]
* [[Nepal]]
* Netherlands
*New Zealand
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* Norway

</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* [[Pakistan]]
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Poland
* [[Romania]]
* [[Rwanda]]
* [[Russia]]
* [[Saudi Arabia]]
* Scotland
* [[Senegal]]
* Serbia
* Sierra Leone
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Solomon Islands]]
* [[South Africa]]
*[[South Korea]]
* Spain
*[[Sri Lanka]]
* Sudan
* Suriname
* [[Swaziland]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* Syria
*[[Tanzania]]
**[[Zanzibar]]
*[[Thailand]]
* Trinidad and Tobago
*[[The Republic of the Philippines]]
*[[Tunisia]]
* Turkey
*[[Uganda]]
* Ukraine
*United Arab Emirates
*[[United States]]
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* [[Venezuela]]
*[[Vietnam]]
*[[Zimbabwe]]

</div>

{{Languages|Criminal Justice Systems Around the World}}

==Other Countries==
See a country that is not listed here? Email elearning@ibj.org.

----

See [[Legal Aid Systems and Supporting NGOs around the world]]

Lie Detectors

2012-11-19T12:38:20Z

Jfischer: Created page with "=Lie Detector Tests= A lie detector test (or polygraph) is a device which measures change in a number of physiological variables such as blood pressure, pulse rate, respirati..."

=Lie Detector Tests=

A lie detector test (or polygraph) is a device which measures change in a number of physiological variables such as blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, electrodermal activity when a person is asked a series of questions relating to an issue under investigation. A chart is produced which is read by a polygraph examiner.

=Admissibility in Court=

Lie detector tests are admissible in court in a number of countries such as USA and Japan.

==USA==
In USA a person must agree to the admission of a lie detector test under the terms of a stipulation before the test, in order for this evidence to be relied on in court. The case of Frye v United States (293 F 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923) established that scientific evidence, including lie detector tests, was admissible on the condition that, “the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs”. Now evidence must meet the ‘Daubert standard’ and by produced from sound ‘scientific methodology’. In case of United States v Scheffer the Supreme Court allowed individual jurisdictions to decide on the admissibility of lie detector tests. Different states rely on the two different standards (Frye and Daubert), although many states still do not allow lie detectors to be used as evidence.

The states which do use lie detector tests are: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. In California, Arizona, Nevada, Georgia, and Florida, they can be used but both parties must agree. In California, they may be used as evidence as long as both parties agree to their use in advance, in this case, the jury is presented with the lie detector results; in Georgia defendants who suffer due to false results may sue the operator for damages and attorneys fees, and in Florida, people can be submitted to take the test but this will not be used in court, but instead for their therapy. In Michigan appellate courts, in a motion for a new trial lie detector results of a witness may be used to show that a prosecution witness committed perjury or to suppress evidence in a pre-trial motion where the defendant believes the police officer acted illegally to obtain the evidence.

In New York, Texas, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, lie detector tests are inadmissible even if both parties agree. In Massechussettes, they can be used as ‘supporting probably cause’.

It was stated in the case of United States v. Posado that “… we have today opened the door to the possibility of polygraph evidence in certain circumstances.” The per se rule excluding unstipulated lie detector evidence has been overturned.

==Europe==
In Europe, lie detector tests are not used as they are not regarded as reliable evidence. The Federal Court of Justice of Germany has ruled that such evidence is inadmissible. In the United Kingdom lie detector tests are not used in criminal courts due to concerns over reliability, the use of the test in the future would require legislation.

==India==
The Indian Constitution states, “"No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself” and in 2010 the Supreme Court ruled that nobody (accused or suspected of a crime) will undergo a lie detector test unless their consent is obtained. Therefore lie detector tests may only be used if the defendant agrees.

==Israel==
In the case of Menora Insurance v Jacob Sdovnik in the Israel High Court (Civil Appeal 551/89) it was held that lie detectors may not be used as evidence in civil cases due to issues regarding the reliability of the tests. Lie detector tests are also inadmissible in criminal cases.

==Canada==
In the case of R v Béland in Canada the use of lie detector tests was held to be inadmissible although it is believed that they are still used today.

==Australia==
In 1982 the New South Wales District Court ruled that lie detector tests are inadmissible. The Lie Detectors Act 1983 states, “(1)Subject to subsection (2), anything that is, or purports to be: (a) output from an instrument or apparatus when used in the commission of an offence against this Act referred to in section 5, or (b) an analysis of, or opinion as to the effect of, any such output, is inadmissible as evidence before any court or any person or body of persons authorised by law or by consent of parties to receive and examine evidence”.

=Procedure=
Amongst, the possible polygraphs test can be carried out are the Control Questions Test (CQT) and the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT). The Control Questions Test is the most common used test and two types of questions will be asked, Control Questions and Relevant Questions. Control Questions are those which are related to the suspect’s crime, and relevant questions are specific to the person’s involvement. Both of these sets of questions will then be compared. The Guilty Knowledge Test aims to find out the level of the knowledge the person has of the crime, and questions about any aspect of the crime can be asked. It is believed that the Guilty Knowledge Test is the most accurate test.

==Pre-test==
A pre-test will be carried out where the examiner explains the procedure and may ask the person to tell a lie to show the reaction of this on the test. During this stage, information is gathered regarding personal information from the present and the past and the examiner aims to ensure the person feels that the test is being carried out fairly. It is believed that the more person knows about the procedure, the better the test. The examiner will have gone over information relating to the situation with the person being able to tell their side of the story also. It is emphasised that this an interview not interrogation.

==Test==
There are four different types of questions that will be asked, irrelevant, relevant, controlled (these aim to create doubt in the person’s mind in relation to truthfulness) and symptomatic.

==Evaluation==
The answer and response measured are then evaluated (including a comparison of the questions asked) and a computer algorithm and numerical scoring system are often used. The examiner will then give an opinion of truthful, deceptive or inconclusive. An interrogation can be used if the opinion is deception. Any confession made by the person can be used in criminal proceedings. The examiner will present their opinion orally and in report form.

=Validity=
Whilst some private companies claim lie detector tests are over 90% effective, no consensus on their accuracy has been reached. The validity of the lie detector test is questioned as innocent people can also ‘experience nervousness, fear and emotional upset’. Some believe that the term ‘lie detector’ test is incorrect as it does not confirm that a person is lying but measures the change in their reaction to particular questions.

Evidence

2012-11-19T12:31:42Z

Jfischer:

Rules of evidence are created to assist in the search for truth and promote a fair process for both parties. This is to ensure that they have both had their day in court by making the best possible presentation to their case. Rules of evidence are the most important in common law criminal justice systems which retain the jury system, since it is thought that these rules safeguard against jury's giving inappropriate weight to certain types of evidence. As the state has far greater resources (i.e. advantage) than the Defense, the Prosecution has a duty to make pre-trial disclosure to even out the playing field. Certain rules of evidence also provide a deterrent effect against prosecutorial or police misconduct, improve efficiency in the administration of justice. Finally, other rules, like rules of privilege, are intended to affect out-of-court behavior. Evidence should be [[Materiality, Relevance, and Admissibility of Evidence | material and relevant]].

Some evidence, even if material, relevant, and unprejudicial, may still be inadmissible if it was [[Exclusionary Rule | obtained in an illegal manner]].
__FORCETOC__
==Types of Evidence==
<div style="float: left; width: 33.33%">

*[[Electronic Surveillance]]
*[[Expert and Forensic Evidence]]
**[[Forensic Evidence]] (generally)
**[[Ballistics]]
**[[Bloodstain Analysis]]
**[[Drug and Alchohol Testing]]
**[[DNA]]
**[[Fingerprints]]
**[[Hair]]
**[[GPS Evidence and the Fourth Amendment | GPS Evidence]]
**Handwriting Analysis
**[[Lie Detectors]]
**Toolmarks

</div><div style="float: left; width: 33.33%">
*Identification Evidence
** [[Showups, Lineups, and Photo Arrays]]
** [[Eyewitness Misidentification]]
*Privilege
**[[Attorney-Client Privilege]]
**Journalist-Source Privilege
**[[Physician-Patient Privilege]]
**[[Priest-Penitent Privilege]]
**Privilege Against Self-Incrimination
**[[Marital Confidences and Spousal Testimonial Privileges]]

</div><div style="float: left; width: 33.33%">
*Similar Facts Evidence
**Acts that go to honesty
**Criminal Records
**Prior Bad Acts
*Testimonial Evidence
**[[Witnesses]]
**[[Competency to Testify]]
**[[Examination of Witnesses]]
**[[Confessions]]
**[[Depositions]]
**[[Expert Witnesses]]
**[[Hearsay]]
**[[Reputation and Opinion]]
**Similar Facts Evidence

</div>

== Background ==
There are various types of evidence that a defense attorney will encounter during a case:
* '''Direct evidence''' is evidence which, if true, proves a relevant fact conclusively. For example, eyewitness testimony is a type of direct evidence. Direct evidence is not necessarily more reliable than any other kind of evidence. See, [[Eyewitness Misidentification]]. Direct evidence establishes a material fact without the need for any inferences to be drawn by the trier of fact.
**If only one fact can be drawn from the evidence, then the jury (trier of fact) will make that conclusion.
**If more than one fact can be drawn, the judge (trier of law) must determine which inferences are possible.
***The judge (trier of law) determines the relevance: ''could'' the inference be drawn.
***The jury (trier of fact) determines the weight: ''should'' the inference be drawn.
* '''Circumstantial evidence''' is evidence which indirectly, through inference, aids the trier of fact in inferring the existence of a fact in issue. For example, fingerprints or DNA found at the scene would be circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence can be more reliable than direct evidence.

'''Examples''' of evidence:
*There is a "no pets" rule in your apartment building, but you think your neighbor keeps a dog in his apartment. In order to prove this, you want to present the following evidence:
**Direct testimonial evidence: a witness saying "I saw the dog" - evidence that there was a dog in the apartment, but not necessarily that the dog belonged to your neighbor
**Direct real evidence: a picture of the dog with your neighbor in the apartment
**Circumstantial documentary evidence: a dog license in your neighbor's name
**Circumstantial: dog hair found on your neighbor's sofa
*Remember that some sorts of evidence could fall into more than one category.

* '''Judicial notice''' is evidence that the court declares is proven through authority or common knowledge. When judicial notice is taken, there is no need to call any evidence: the judicial notice replaces it. Basically, it consists in asking the court to take as truth a particular fact that counsel is proposing. Proof that reference is authoritative is usually required. The rationale for judicial notice is cost and efficiency. Judicial notice has to be relevan to a matter in issue. However judicial notice is a matter of discretion. Courts are more likely to take judicial notice of legislative facts (e.g. when interpreting statutes) than adjudicative facts (i.e. material facts). Courts take more judicial notice of facts in sentencing.
Judicial notice of facts occurs when:

- Common fund of knowledge (e.g.: high-heeled shoes are fashionable but unstable ; cost of child-rearing).

- Local areas have common understanding or common knowledge (e.g.: impaired driving in a community).

- A group of persons have common knowledge (e.g.: picket line = barrier to union members and sympathizers ; cost of child-rearing).

The threshold for judicial notice is strict: a court may properly take judicial notice of facts that are so notorious or generally accepter as not to be the subject of debate among reasonable persons or capable of immediate and accurate demonstration by resort to readily accessible sources of indisputable accuracy (e.g.: dictionaries, scientific treatises or principles ; see Olson v. Olson).
* '''Real evidence''' is some actual physical item involved in the case. For example, the murder weapon is real evidence. This evidence needs to be related directly to the case by testimony and its condition established.
* '''Demonstrative evidence''' is a depiction, prepared for trial, that represents an item involved in the case. Following are some examples of demonstrative evidence: photo of the murder weapon, surveillance camera footage, computer simulations, diagrams, maps, x-rays, videotape, illustrations or any other item specifically created for trial.

A criminal defense attorney may object to real or demonstrative evidence on the following grounds:
#No identifying witness
#Gaps in [[Chain of Custody|chain of custody]]
#Opportunity for tampering or contamination occured
#Item is not a true or accurate depiction of what it purports to be.

==Evidence Codes==
* [[Federal Rules of Evidence | United States Federal Rules of Evidence]]

==Notes==
<references/>
{{Languages|Evidence}}

Ecuador/es

2012-10-30T08:21:31Z

Jfischer: Created page with "{{Languages|Ecuador}} = Introducción = Ecuador está dividido política - administrativamente en 7 regiones, 24 provincias, 226 cantones y 1.500 parroquias, su capital es Q..."

{{Languages|Ecuador}}

= Introducción =
Ecuador está dividido política - administrativamente en 7 regiones, 24 provincias, 226 cantones y 1.500 parroquias, su capital es Quito, Conforme con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística Ecuador tiene una población de 14,306.876 de habitantes.
En 2008 entró en vigencia la actual Constitución Política después de ser aprobada a través de un referendo, según la Constitución Ecuador es un Estado social, democrático, soberano, independiente, unitario, intercultural, plurinacional y laico. El idioma oficial del país es el español, un porcentaje del 5 % de la población habla otros idiomas nativos un siendo el quechua la principal lengua nativa.
La religión predominante en es el catolicismo (95%), sin embargo el Estado es constitucionalmente laico. El poder público se encuentra separado en cinco funciones estatales: ejecutiva, legislativa, judicial, electoral y de transparencia y control social.

= Tipo de Sistema =
A partir de la Ley No. 360 de fecha 13 de enero del 2.000, se Implantó un nuevo sistema procesal en Ecuador, el sistema penal acusatorio el cual entró en plena vigencia el 13 de julio del 2.001.

El sistema procesal penal en Ecuador se basa en la igualdad de dos sujetos procesales opuestos, el acusado representado por su abogado defensor, y el fiscal como titular de las funciones de investigación y acusación penal. El proceso se desarrolla a través de audiencias públicas y orales.

= Fuentes de los Derechos del Procesado =
En Ecuador las garantías procesales y los derechos del procesado se encuentran recogidas en el capítulo 8, artículos 75 a 82 de la Constitución Nacional, dedicado a los derechos de protección. El Código de Procedimiento Penal (R.O.S. 360 del 2000) hace alusión a los principios fundamentales en los artículos 1 a 15. De conformidad con el segundo parágrafo del artículo 11 parágrafo 3 de la Constitución, los derechos y garantías establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos serán de directa e inmediata aplicación por y ante cualquier servidora o servidor público, administrativo o judicial, de oficio o a petición de parte.
Es decir que, los derechos contemplados el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos; la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, el Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos; y el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional, son también fuentes de protección de los derechos del procesado y garantías procesales.

= Derechos del Procesado =
== Dignidad humana ==
El preámbulo y el artículo 10. 7 de la Constitución Nacional recogen el derecho a la dignidad humana, dicen que es inviolable y que debe garantizarse a todas las personas privadas de la libertad, y que todas las actuaciones deben hacerse con observancia de este derecho.
El Debido Proceso.- El debido proceso incluye una serie de derechos como la presunción de inocencia, el principio de legalidad, el derecho a la defensa, así como el derecho a un juicio justo y público sin dilaciones indebidas, el artículo 76 de la Constitución establece todas las garantías relativas al debido proceso.

== Derecho a la libertad ==
La Constitución Ecuatoriana dedica su artículo 66 de la Constitución de la República al derecho a la libertad de las personas y el art.77, numeral 1, declara que la limitación de ese derecho en un proceso penal será excepcional. El derecho a la libertad, expresa que ésta solo puede ser restringida en los límites previstos por la ley, las personas sólo serán aprehendidas en cumplimiento de un mandamiento escrito y fundamentado por parte de autoridad competente, en caso de flagrancia este mandamiento no será necesario.

== Presunción de inocencia ==
El artículo 76. 2 de la Constitución de la República y el artículo 4° del Código de Procedimiento Penal, establecen el derecho de todos los imputados de ser considerados inocentes hasta que se declare su culpabilidad en sentencia ejecutoriada.

== Legalidad==
Consagrado en el artículo 76. 3 de la Constitución, y 2° del Código de Procedimiento Penal, señala que ninguna persona podrá ser condenada por un acto que no se encuentre expresamente declarado como infracción por la ley penal. Todas las leyes posteriores, de procedimiento o que versen sobre el tipo penal y que favorezcan al procesado deben aplicarse.

== Derecho a la inviolabilidad de la defensa ==
Se encuentra en el artículo 11 del Código de Procedimiento Penal y en el artículo 76.7 de la Constitución, todo imputado tiene derecho a participar en todos los actos del proceso La defensa del imputado es inviolable. El imputado tiene derecho a intervenir que incorporen elementos de prueba y a formular todas las peticiones y observaciones que considere oportunas. Si la persona no cuenta con recursos económicos, el Estado le debe proporcionar un defensor gratuito.

= Fase Previa al Proceso Penal =
La etapa preliminar del proceso penal consta de indagación previa e instrucción fiscal, durante la indagación el fiscal y la .policía judicial investigarán los hechos presuntamente delictuosos. La indagación previa no podrá prolongarse por más de dos años en los delitos sancionados con pena de reclusión.
Si existen suficientes indicios sobre la existencia del hecho y la participación de la persona en él, el fiscal resolverá el inicio de la instrucción fiscal, a partir de ese momento el imputado tendrá derecho a un defensor escogido por él o designado de oficio.
El plazo máximo de la instrucción fiscal es de 90 días improrrogables, a partir de la fecha de notificación al imputado. Las diligencias practicadas después de ese plazo tienen ningún valor.

= Proceso Penal =
El proceso penal inicia con la etapa intermedia, la cual es llevada a cabo frente a un juez, el juez convoca a las partes procesales a una audiencia preliminar en la cual se escucha a la fiscalía y a la defensa. Después de analizar los alegatos de las partes, el juez determina si procede o no el llamamiento a juicio del imputado. Al concluir la audiencia el juez puede dictar auto de llamamiento a juicio o auto de sobreseimiento.

== El juicio ==

A partir de la adopción del sistema penal acusatorio en Ecuador la etapa del juicio se desarrolla a través de audiencias de manera oral, pública y continúa, se realiza sobre la base de la acusación en forma contradictoria. El juicio se fundamenta en los principios de inmediación, que implica la presencia ininterrumpida de los jueces y de todas las partes a lo largo de las audiencias para que tengan contacto con los medios de prueba; continuidad, que obliga a que una vez se inicié el juicio se debe realizar sin interrupción todos los días hábiles hasta que se emita una sentencia, y oralidad, según la cual todo el proceso debe realizarse verbalmente, las pruebas, los alegatos de las partes y la decisión del Tribunal penal.
El fiscal expondrá el motivo de la acusación relatando los hechos, después rendirá su testimonio el ofendido, y en seguida el defensor hará una exposición detallada de los hechos y circunstancias que fueren favorables para su defendido. A continuación se presentarán las pruebas de ambas partes el debate culminará con los alegatos de las partes, cerrado el debate los miembros del tribunal deliberarán y tomarán una decisión.

== Sentencia ==
En Ecuador la sentencia debe ser motivada, cuando el Tribunal tenga certeza de la existencia del delito y de que el procesado es responsable dictará sentencia condenatoria. Si no estuviere comprobada la existencia del delito o la responsabilidad del procesado, dictará sentencia absolutoria.
Las penas se clasifican en Principales y Accesorias, las Principales son la Prisión, la privación de derechos y la multa. Las accesorias: son la Privación de derechos y la multa. Estas penas tendrán la duración que respectivamente tenga la pena principal.
Presidio: Tiene una duración mínima de 6 meses, actualmente, la pena máxima en Ecuador es de 35 años de prisión sin derecho a indulto, a la luz de la Constitución Política no existe la pena de muerte (artículo 23.1), ni se concederá la extradición de un nacional (art. 79).
Entre las penas privativas de derechos se encuentran: la inhabilitación absoluta, la inhabilitación especial, la privación del derecho a conducir vehículos motorizados, la privación del derecho a la tenencia y al porte de armas entre otras.
La Pena de multa consiste en el pago de dinero que se fijará en días-multa. Su límite mínimo será de 10 días y su máximo de 1000 días.

== Apelación ==
Una vez el Tribunal haya emitido una sentencia, sea absolutoria o condenatoria las partes procesales puede impugnarla a través de los recursos de apelación, de nulidad, de revisión, de casación y de hecho.
El recurso de hecho se concederá cuando el Juez o Tribunal Penal hubieren negado los recursos oportunamente interpuestos, este recurso se interpondrá ante el Juez o Tribunal que hubiere negado el recurso, dentro de los tres días posteriores a la notificación del auto que lo niega.
El recurso de nulidad procederá en tres casos: cuando el juez o el tribunal penal hubieren actuado sin competencia; cuando la sentencia no reúna los requisitos legales y cuando en la sustanciación del proceso se hubiera violado el trámite previsto en la ley. Se declarará la nulidad solamente si la causa que la provoca tuviera influencia en la decisión del proceso.
El recurso de apelación se debe interponer mediante escrito fundamentado, ante el juez o tribunal, dentro de los tres días de notificada la providencia. Interpuesto el recurso el juez o tribunal, sin dilación alguna, elevará el proceso al superior. La corte superior respectiva debe resolver el recurso por el mérito de los autos, dentro del plazo de quince días, contados desde la fecha de recepción del proceso.
El recurso de casación un recurso excepcional que se presenta ante la Sala Penal de la Corte Suprema para controvertir las sentencias cuando una de las partes considere que existió vulneración de leyes expresas por contravenir expresamente a su texto, por haberse hecho una falsa aplicación de la ley o por haberla interpretado erróneamente.
El recurso de revisión, podrá proponerse en cualquier tiempo, después de ejecutoriada la sentencia condenatoria, en virtud de nuevas pruebas que demuestren el error de hecho de la sentencia impugnada.

Criminal Justice Systems Around the World/es

2012-10-30T08:16:18Z

Jfischer:

En lineas generales, los sistemas penales pueden ser clasificados como sistemas de common law, de derecho civil, de derecho islámico o de derecho socialista. Sin embargo, hoy en día varias jurisdicciones han adoptado modelos híbridos que combinan elementos de varios de estos. Varios de estos regímenes comparten un conjunto común de [[Core Values | valores fundamentales]]. Además, muchos han adoptado el [[Legality Principle | Principio de Legalidad]] y casi la totalidad de ellos están formados por similares [[Actors in the Criminal Justice System | Sujetos Procesales]].

==Páginas de cada país==
<div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Afghanistan
* Algeria
* Angola
* [[Argentina/es | Argentina]]
* Armenia
* Australia
*[[Austria/es | Austria]]
* [[Azerbaijan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* Belgium
* Benin
* Bolivia
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Brunei]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Cameroon]]
*[[Cambodia]]
* [[Canada]]
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* [[Chile]]
*[[China]]
* Colombia
* Côte d'Ivoire
* [[Cuba]]
* Cyprus
* [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
* [[Ecuador/es | Ecuador]]
* [[Egypt]]
* El Salvador
*[[England and Wales]]
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* [[France]]
** French Guiana
* Georgia
*[[Germany]]
</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea Bissau
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Hong Kong
*[[India]]
*[[Indonesia]]
*Iran
*Iraq
*Ireland
*Israel
* [[Italy]]
*Jamaica
*[[Japan]]
* Jordan
*[[Kenya]]
*[[Laos]]
* Lebanon
* [[Liberia]]
* Malawi
* [[Malaysia]]
* Mali
*[[Mexico]]
* Mongolia
* Morocco
*[[Myanmar]]
* [[Nepal]]
* Netherlands
*New Zealand
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* Norway

</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* [[Pakistan]]
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Poland
* Romania
* [[Rwanda]]
* Russia
* [[Saudi Arabia]]
* Scotland
* [[Senegal]]
* Serbia
* Sierra Leone
* [[Singapore]]
* [[South Africa]]
*[[South Korea]]
* Spain
*[[Sri Lanka]]
* Sudan
* Suriname
* [[Swaziland]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* Syria
*[[Tanzania]]
**[[Zanzibar]]
*[[Thailand]]
* Trinidad and Tobago
*[[The Republic of the Philippines]]
*[[Tunisia]]
* Turkey
*[[Uganda]]
* Ukraine
*United Arab Emirates
*[[United States]]
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* [[Venezuela]]
*[[Vietnam]]
*[[Zimbabwe]]

</div>
{{Languages|Criminal Justice Systems Around the World, Languages|Sistemas de Justicia Penal}}

==Otros Países==
Has notado que falta algún país?! Por favor envíanos un email a elearning@ibj.org.

Criminal Justice Systems Around the World/es

2012-10-30T08:15:08Z

Jfischer:

En lineas generales, los sistemas penales pueden ser clasificados como sistemas de common law, de derecho civil, de derecho islámico o de derecho socialista. Sin embargo, hoy en día varias jurisdicciones han adoptado modelos híbridos que combinan elementos de varios de estos. Varios de estos regímenes comparten un conjunto común de [[Core Values | valores fundamentales]]. Además, muchos han adoptado el [[Legality Principle | Principio de Legalidad]] y casi la totalidad de ellos están formados por similares [[Actors in the Criminal Justice System | Sujetos Procesales]].

==Páginas de cada país==
<div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Afghanistan
* Algeria
* Angola
* [[Argentina/es | Argentina]]
* Armenia
* Australia
*[[Austria/es | Austria]]
* [[Azerbaijan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* Belgium
* Benin
* Bolivia
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Brunei]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Cameroon]]
*[[Cambodia]]
* [[Canada]]
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* [[Chile]]
*[[China]]
* Colombia
* Côte d'Ivoire
* [[Cuba]]
* Cyprus
* [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
* [[Ecuador]]
* [[Egypt]]
* El Salvador
*[[England and Wales]]
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* [[France]]
** French Guiana
* Georgia
*[[Germany]]
</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea Bissau
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Hong Kong
*[[India]]
*[[Indonesia]]
*Iran
*Iraq
*Ireland
*Israel
* [[Italy]]
*Jamaica
*[[Japan]]
* Jordan
*[[Kenya]]
*[[Laos]]
* Lebanon
* [[Liberia]]
* Malawi
* [[Malaysia]]
* Mali
*[[Mexico]]
* Mongolia
* Morocco
*[[Myanmar]]
* [[Nepal]]
* Netherlands
*New Zealand
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* Norway

</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* [[Pakistan]]
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Poland
* Romania
* [[Rwanda]]
* Russia
* [[Saudi Arabia]]
* Scotland
* [[Senegal]]
* Serbia
* Sierra Leone
* [[Singapore]]
* [[South Africa]]
*[[South Korea]]
* Spain
*[[Sri Lanka]]
* Sudan
* Suriname
* [[Swaziland]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* Syria
*[[Tanzania]]
**[[Zanzibar]]
*[[Thailand]]
* Trinidad and Tobago
*[[The Republic of the Philippines]]
*[[Tunisia]]
* Turkey
*[[Uganda]]
* Ukraine
*United Arab Emirates
*[[United States]]
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* [[Venezuela]]
*[[Vietnam]]
*[[Zimbabwe]]

</div>
{{Languages|Criminal Justice Systems Around the World, Languages|Sistemas de Justicia Penal}}

==Otros Países==
Has notado que falta algún país?! Por favor envíanos un email a elearning@ibj.org.

Ecuador

2012-10-30T08:14:19Z

Jfischer:

{{Languages|Ecuador}}

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Template:Spanish

2012-10-29T09:59:43Z

Jfischer: Created page with "=Introducción= Ecuador está dividido política - administrativamente en 7 regiones, 24 provincias, 226 cantones y 1.500 parroquias, su capital es Quito, Conforme con el Ins..."

=Introducción=
Ecuador está dividido política - administrativamente en 7 regiones, 24 provincias, 226 cantones y 1.500 parroquias, su capital es Quito, Conforme con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística Ecuador tiene una población de 14,306.876 de habitantes.
En 2008 entró en vigencia la actual Constitución Política después de ser aprobada a través de un referendo, según la Constitución Ecuador es un Estado social, democrático, soberano, independiente, unitario, intercultural, plurinacional y laico. El idioma oficial del país es el español, un porcentaje del 5 % de la población habla otros idiomas nativos un siendo el quechua la principal lengua nativa.
La religión predominante en es el catolicismo (95%), sin embargo el Estado es constitucionalmente laico. El poder público se encuentra separado en cinco funciones estatales: ejecutiva, legislativa, judicial, electoral y de transparencia y control social.

=Tipo de Sistema=
A partir de la Ley No. 360 de fecha 13 de enero del 2.000, se Implantó un nuevo sistema procesal en Ecuador, el sistema penal acusatorio el cual entró en plena vigencia el 13 de julio del 2.001.

El sistema procesal penal en Ecuador se basa en la igualdad de dos sujetos procesales opuestos, el acusado representado por su abogado defensor, y el fiscal como titular de las funciones de investigación y acusación penal. El proceso se desarrolla a través de audiencias públicas y orales.

=Fuentes de los Derechos del Procesado=
En Ecuador las garantías procesales y los derechos del procesado se encuentran recogidas en el capítulo 8, artículos 75 a 82 de la Constitución Nacional, dedicado a los derechos de protección. El Código de Procedimiento Penal (R.O.S. 360 del 2000) hace alusión a los principios fundamentales en los artículos 1 a 15. De conformidad con el segundo parágrafo del artículo 11 parágrafo 3 de la Constitución, los derechos y garantías establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos serán de directa e inmediata aplicación por y ante cualquier servidora o servidor público, administrativo o judicial, de oficio o a petición de parte.
Es decir que, los derechos contemplados el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos; la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, el Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos; y el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional, son también fuentes de protección de los derechos del procesado y garantías procesales.

=Derechos del Procesado=
==Dignidad humana==
El preámbulo y el artículo 10. 7 de la Constitución Nacional recogen el derecho a la dignidad humana, dicen que es inviolable y que debe garantizarse a todas las personas privadas de la libertad, y que todas las actuaciones deben hacerse con observancia de este derecho.
==El Debido Proceso==
El debido proceso incluye una serie de derechos como la presunción de inocencia, el principio de legalidad, el derecho a la defensa, así como el derecho a un juicio justo y público sin dilaciones indebidas, el artículo 76 de la Constitución establece todas las garantías relativas al debido proceso.

==Derecho a la libertad==
La Constitución Ecuatoriana dedica su artículo 66 de la Constitución de la República al derecho a la libertad de las personas y el art.77, numeral 1, declara que la limitación de ese derecho en un proceso penal será excepcional. El derecho a la libertad, expresa que ésta solo puede ser restringida en los límites previstos por la ley, las personas sólo serán aprehendidas en cumplimiento de un mandamiento escrito y fundamentado por parte de autoridad competente, en caso de flagrancia este mandamiento no será necesario.

==Presunción de inocencia==
El artículo 76. 2 de la Constitución de la República y el artículo 4° del Código de Procedimiento Penal, establecen el derecho de todos los imputados de ser considerados inocentes hasta que se declare su culpabilidad en sentencia ejecutoriada.

==Legalidad==
Consagrado en el artículo 76. 3 de la Constitución, y 2° del Código de Procedimiento Penal, señala que ninguna persona podrá ser condenada por un acto que no se encuentre expresamente declarado como infracción por la ley penal. Todas las leyes posteriores, de procedimiento o que versen sobre el tipo penal y que favorezcan al procesado deben aplicarse.

==Derecho a la inviolabilidad de la defensa==
Se encuentra en el artículo 11 del Código de Procedimiento Penal y en el artículo 76.7 de la Constitución, todo imputado tiene derecho a participar en todos los actos del proceso La defensa del imputado es inviolable. El imputado tiene derecho a intervenir que incorporen elementos de prueba y a formular todas las peticiones y observaciones que considere oportunas. Si la persona no cuenta con recursos económicos, el Estado le debe proporcionar un defensor gratuito.

=Fase Previa al Proceso Penal=
La etapa preliminar del proceso penal consta de indagación previa e instrucción fiscal, durante la indagación el fiscal y la .policía judicial investigarán los hechos presuntamente delictuosos. La indagación previa no podrá prolongarse por más de dos años en los delitos sancionados con pena de reclusión.
Si existen suficientes indicios sobre la existencia del hecho y la participación de la persona en él, el fiscal resolverá el inicio de la instrucción fiscal, a partir de ese momento el imputado tendrá derecho a un defensor escogido por él o designado de oficio.
El plazo máximo de la instrucción fiscal es de 90 días improrrogables, a partir de la fecha de notificación al imputado. Las diligencias practicadas después de ese plazo tienen ningún valor.

=Proceso Penal=
El proceso penal inicia con la etapa intermedia, la cual es llevada a cabo frente a un juez, el juez convoca a las partes procesales a una audiencia preliminar en la cual se escucha a la fiscalía y a la defensa. Después de analizar los alegatos de las partes, el juez determina si procede o no el llamamiento a juicio del imputado. Al concluir la audiencia el juez puede dictar auto de llamamiento a juicio o auto de sobreseimiento.

==El juicio==

A partir de la adopción del sistema penal acusatorio en Ecuador la etapa del juicio se desarrolla a través de audiencias de manera oral, pública y continúa, se realiza sobre la base de la acusación en forma contradictoria. El juicio se fundamenta en los principios de inmediación, que implica la presencia ininterrumpida de los jueces y de todas las partes a lo largo de las audiencias para que tengan contacto con los medios de prueba; continuidad, que obliga a que una vez se inicié el juicio se debe realizar sin interrupción todos los días hábiles hasta que se emita una sentencia, y oralidad, según la cual todo el proceso debe realizarse verbalmente, las pruebas, los alegatos de las partes y la decisión del Tribunal penal.
El fiscal expondrá el motivo de la acusación relatando los hechos, después rendirá su testimonio el ofendido, y en seguida el defensor hará una exposición detallada de los hechos y circunstancias que fueren favorables para su defendido. A continuación se presentarán las pruebas de ambas partes el debate culminará con los alegatos de las partes, cerrado el debate los miembros del tribunal deliberarán y tomarán una decisión.

==Sentencia==
En Ecuador la sentencia debe ser motivada, cuando el Tribunal tenga certeza de la existencia del delito y de que el procesado es responsable dictará sentencia condenatoria. Si no estuviere comprobada la existencia del delito o la responsabilidad del procesado, dictará sentencia absolutoria.
Las penas se clasifican en Principales y Accesorias, las Principales son la Prisión, la privación de derechos y la multa. Las accesorias: son la Privación de derechos y la multa. Estas penas tendrán la duración que respectivamente tenga la pena principal.
Presidio: Tiene una duración mínima de 6 meses, actualmente, la pena máxima en Ecuador es de 35 años de prisión sin derecho a indulto, a la luz de la Constitución Política no existe la pena de muerte (artículo 23.1), ni se concederá la extradición de un nacional (art. 79).
Entre las penas privativas de derechos se encuentran: la inhabilitación absoluta, la inhabilitación especial, la privación del derecho a conducir vehículos motorizados, la privación del derecho a la tenencia y al porte de armas entre otras.
La Pena de multa consiste en el pago de dinero que se fijará en días-multa. Su límite mínimo será de 10 días y su máximo de 1000 días.

==Apelación==
Una vez el Tribunal haya emitido una sentencia, sea absolutoria o condenatoria las partes procesales puede impugnarla a través de los recursos de apelación, de nulidad, de revisión, de casación y de hecho.
El recurso de hecho se concederá cuando el Juez o Tribunal Penal hubieren negado los recursos oportunamente interpuestos, este recurso se interpondrá ante el Juez o Tribunal que hubiere negado el recurso, dentro de los tres días posteriores a la notificación del auto que lo niega.
El recurso de nulidad procederá en tres casos: cuando el juez o el tribunal penal hubieren actuado sin competencia; cuando la sentencia no reúna los requisitos legales y cuando en la sustanciación del proceso se hubiera violado el trámite previsto en la ley. Se declarará la nulidad solamente si la causa que la provoca tuviera influencia en la decisión del proceso.
El recurso de apelación se debe interponer mediante escrito fundamentado, ante el juez o tribunal, dentro de los tres días de notificada la providencia. Interpuesto el recurso el juez o tribunal, sin dilación alguna, elevará el proceso al superior. La corte superior respectiva debe resolver el recurso por el mérito de los autos, dentro del plazo de quince días, contados desde la fecha de recepción del proceso.
El recurso de casación un recurso excepcional que se presenta ante la Sala Penal de la Corte Suprema para controvertir las sentencias cuando una de las partes considere que existió vulneración de leyes expresas por contravenir expresamente a su texto, por haberse hecho una falsa aplicación de la ley o por haberla interpretado erróneamente.
El recurso de revisión, podrá proponerse en cualquier tiempo, después de ejecutoriada la sentencia condenatoria, en virtud de nuevas pruebas que demuestren el error de hecho de la sentencia impugnada.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:55:29Z

Jfischer:

{{Spanish|Ecuador}}

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:54:11Z

Jfischer:

{{English|Español|Ecuador}}

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Template:Español

2012-10-29T09:32:18Z

=Introducción=
Ecuador está dividido política - administrativamente en 7 regiones, 24 provincias, 226 cantones y 1.500 parroquias, su capital es Quito, Conforme con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística Ecuador tiene una población de 14,306.876 de habitantes.
En 2008 entró en vigencia la actual Constitución Política después de ser aprobada a través de un referendo, según la Constitución Ecuador es un Estado social, democrático, soberano, independiente, unitario, intercultural, plurinacional y laico. El idioma oficial del país es el español, un porcentaje del 5 % de la población habla otros idiomas nativos un siendo el quechua la principal lengua nativa.
La religión predominante en es el catolicismo (95%), sin embargo el Estado es constitucionalmente laico. El poder público se encuentra separado en cinco funciones estatales: ejecutiva, legislativa, judicial, electoral y de transparencia y control social.

=Tipo de Sistema=
A partir de la Ley No. 360 de fecha 13 de enero del 2.000, se Implantó un nuevo sistema procesal en Ecuador, el sistema penal acusatorio el cual entró en plena vigencia el 13 de julio del 2.001.

El sistema procesal penal en Ecuador se basa en la igualdad de dos sujetos procesales opuestos, el acusado representado por su abogado defensor, y el fiscal como titular de las funciones de investigación y acusación penal. El proceso se desarrolla a través de audiencias públicas y orales.

=Fuentes de los Derechos del Procesado=
En Ecuador las garantías procesales y los derechos del procesado se encuentran recogidas en el capítulo 8, artículos 75 a 82 de la Constitución Nacional, dedicado a los derechos de protección. El Código de Procedimiento Penal (R.O.S. 360 del 2000) hace alusión a los principios fundamentales en los artículos 1 a 15. De conformidad con el segundo parágrafo del artículo 11 parágrafo 3 de la Constitución, los derechos y garantías establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos serán de directa e inmediata aplicación por y ante cualquier servidora o servidor público, administrativo o judicial, de oficio o a petición de parte.
Es decir que, los derechos contemplados el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos; la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, el Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos; y el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional, son también fuentes de protección de los derechos del procesado y garantías procesales.

=Derechos del Procesado=
==Dignidad humana==
El preámbulo y el artículo 10. 7 de la Constitución Nacional recogen el derecho a la dignidad humana, dicen que es inviolable y que debe garantizarse a todas las personas privadas de la libertad, y que todas las actuaciones deben hacerse con observancia de este derecho.
El Debido Proceso.- El debido proceso incluye una serie de derechos como la presunción de inocencia, el principio de legalidad, el derecho a la defensa, así como el derecho a un juicio justo y público sin dilaciones indebidas, el artículo 76 de la Constitución establece todas las garantías relativas al debido proceso.

==Derecho a la libertad==
La Constitución Ecuatoriana dedica su artículo 66 de la Constitución de la República al derecho a la libertad de las personas y el art.77, numeral 1, declara que la limitación de ese derecho en un proceso penal será excepcional. El derecho a la libertad, expresa que ésta solo puede ser restringida en los límites previstos por la ley, las personas sólo serán aprehendidas en cumplimiento de un mandamiento escrito y fundamentado por parte de autoridad competente, en caso de flagrancia este mandamiento no será necesario.

==Presunción de inocencia==
El artículo 76. 2 de la Constitución de la República y el artículo 4° del Código de Procedimiento Penal, establecen el derecho de todos los imputados de ser considerados inocentes hasta que se declare su culpabilidad en sentencia ejecutoriada.

==Legalidad==
Consagrado en el artículo 76. 3 de la Constitución, y 2° del Código de Procedimiento Penal, señala que ninguna persona podrá ser condenada por un acto que no se encuentre expresamente declarado como infracción por la ley penal. Todas las leyes posteriores, de procedimiento o que versen sobre el tipo penal y que favorezcan al procesado deben aplicarse.

==Derecho a la inviolabilidad de la defensa==
Se encuentra en el artículo 11 del Código de Procedimiento Penal y en el artículo 76.7 de la Constitución, todo imputado tiene derecho a participar en todos los actos del proceso La defensa del imputado es inviolable. El imputado tiene derecho a intervenir que incorporen elementos de prueba y a formular todas las peticiones y observaciones que considere oportunas. Si la persona no cuenta con recursos económicos, el Estado le debe proporcionar un defensor gratuito.

=Fase Previa al Proceso Penal=
La etapa preliminar del proceso penal consta de indagación previa e instrucción fiscal, durante la indagación el fiscal y la .policía judicial investigarán los hechos presuntamente delictuosos. La indagación previa no podrá prolongarse por más de dos años en los delitos sancionados con pena de reclusión.
Si existen suficientes indicios sobre la existencia del hecho y la participación de la persona en él, el fiscal resolverá el inicio de la instrucción fiscal, a partir de ese momento el imputado tendrá derecho a un defensor escogido por él o designado de oficio.
El plazo máximo de la instrucción fiscal es de 90 días improrrogables, a partir de la fecha de notificación al imputado. Las diligencias practicadas después de ese plazo tienen ningún valor.

=Proceso Penal=
El proceso penal inicia con la etapa intermedia, la cual es llevada a cabo frente a un juez, el juez convoca a las partes procesales a una audiencia preliminar en la cual se escucha a la fiscalía y a la defensa. Después de analizar los alegatos de las partes, el juez determina si procede o no el llamamiento a juicio del imputado. Al concluir la audiencia el juez puede dictar auto de llamamiento a juicio o auto de sobreseimiento.

==El juicio==

A partir de la adopción del sistema penal acusatorio en Ecuador la etapa del juicio se desarrolla a través de audiencias de manera oral, pública y continúa, se realiza sobre la base de la acusación en forma contradictoria. El juicio se fundamenta en los principios de inmediación, que implica la presencia ininterrumpida de los jueces y de todas las partes a lo largo de las audiencias para que tengan contacto con los medios de prueba; continuidad, que obliga a que una vez se inicié el juicio se debe realizar sin interrupción todos los días hábiles hasta que se emita una sentencia, y oralidad, según la cual todo el proceso debe realizarse verbalmente, las pruebas, los alegatos de las partes y la decisión del Tribunal penal.
El fiscal expondrá el motivo de la acusación relatando los hechos, después rendirá su testimonio el ofendido, y en seguida el defensor hará una exposición detallada de los hechos y circunstancias que fueren favorables para su defendido. A continuación se presentarán las pruebas de ambas partes el debate culminará con los alegatos de las partes, cerrado el debate los miembros del tribunal deliberarán y tomarán una decisión.

==Sentencia==
En Ecuador la sentencia debe ser motivada, cuando el Tribunal tenga certeza de la existencia del delito y de que el procesado es responsable dictará sentencia condenatoria. Si no estuviere comprobada la existencia del delito o la responsabilidad del procesado, dictará sentencia absolutoria.
Las penas se clasifican en Principales y Accesorias, las Principales son la Prisión, la privación de derechos y la multa. Las accesorias: son la Privación de derechos y la multa. Estas penas tendrán la duración que respectivamente tenga la pena principal.
Presidio: Tiene una duración mínima de 6 meses, actualmente, la pena máxima en Ecuador es de 35 años de prisión sin derecho a indulto, a la luz de la Constitución Política no existe la pena de muerte (artículo 23.1), ni se concederá la extradición de un nacional (art. 79).
Entre las penas privativas de derechos se encuentran: la inhabilitación absoluta, la inhabilitación especial, la privación del derecho a conducir vehículos motorizados, la privación del derecho a la tenencia y al porte de armas entre otras.
La Pena de multa consiste en el pago de dinero que se fijará en días-multa. Su límite mínimo será de 10 días y su máximo de 1000 días.

==Apelación==
Una vez el Tribunal haya emitido una sentencia, sea absolutoria o condenatoria las partes procesales puede impugnarla a través de los recursos de apelación, de nulidad, de revisión, de casación y de hecho.
El recurso de hecho se concederá cuando el Juez o Tribunal Penal hubieren negado los recursos oportunamente interpuestos, este recurso se interpondrá ante el Juez o Tribunal que hubiere negado el recurso, dentro de los tres días posteriores a la notificación del auto que lo niega.
El recurso de nulidad procederá en tres casos: cuando el juez o el tribunal penal hubieren actuado sin competencia; cuando la sentencia no reúna los requisitos legales y cuando en la sustanciación del proceso se hubiera violado el trámite previsto en la ley. Se declarará la nulidad solamente si la causa que la provoca tuviera influencia en la decisión del proceso.
El recurso de apelación se debe interponer mediante escrito fundamentado, ante el juez o tribunal, dentro de los tres días de notificada la providencia. Interpuesto el recurso el juez o tribunal, sin dilación alguna, elevará el proceso al superior. La corte superior respectiva debe resolver el recurso por el mérito de los autos, dentro del plazo de quince días, contados desde la fecha de recepción del proceso.
El recurso de casación un recurso excepcional que se presenta ante la Sala Penal de la Corte Suprema para controvertir las sentencias cuando una de las partes considere que existió vulneración de leyes expresas por contravenir expresamente a su texto, por haberse hecho una falsa aplicación de la ley o por haberla interpretado erróneamente.

El recurso de revisión, podrá proponerse en cualquier tiempo, después de ejecutoriada la sentencia condenatoria, en virtud de nuevas pruebas que demuestren el error de hecho de la sentencia impugnada.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:29:39Z

Jfischer:

{{Español|Ecuador}}

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:29:16Z

Jfischer:

{{English Español|Ecuador}}

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:22:58Z

Jfischer:

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:21:07Z

Jfischer:

{{Languages|Español}}

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:16:23Z

Jfischer:

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
==Human dignity==
The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.

==The due process rights==
The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.

==Right to liberty==
The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.

==Right to liberty==
The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:14:37Z

Jfischer:

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

=Type of System=
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

=Sources of Defendants' Rights=
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

=Defendants' Rights=
Human dignity.- The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.
The due process rights.- The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.
Right to liberty.- The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.
Right to liberty.- The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

==Presumption of innocence==
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

==Legality of the sentence==
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

==The right to defense==
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

=Pre-Trial Phase=
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

=Court Procedures=
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

==The Trial==

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

==Post-Conviction==
===Sentence===
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

===Appeal===
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:13:16Z

Jfischer:

=Background=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

==Type of System==
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

==Sources of Defendants' Rights==
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

==Defendants' Rights==
Human dignity.- The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.
The due process rights.- The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.
Right to liberty.- The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.
Right to liberty.- The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

===Presumption of innocence ===
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

===Legality of the sentence===
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

===The right to defense===
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

==Pre-Trial Phase==
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

==Court Procedures==
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

===The Trial===

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

===Post-Conviction===
====Sentence====
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

====Appeal====
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Ecuador

2012-10-29T09:10:27Z

Jfischer: Created page with "=level1= Background =level1= Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. Accor..."

=level1= Background =level1=

Ecuador is divided politically - administratively into seven regions, 24 provinces, 226 counties and 1,500 parishes, its capital is Quito. According to the National Statistics Institute Ecuador has a population of 14,306.876 inhabitants.
In 2008 came into force the current Constitution after being approved in a referendum. The Constitution defines Ecuador as a social, democratic, sovereign, independent, unitary, intercultural, plurinational and secular state. The official language is Spanish, a rate of 5% of the population speaks native languages, and the main native language is Quechua.
The predominant religion is Catholicism (95%), however the state is constitutionally secular. There is a separation of powers among the five branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial, electoral and social control.

==level 2== Type of System ==level 2==
Law No. 360 dated 13 January 2000, by which the Criminal Procedure Code is issued, established the adversarial criminal system in Ecuador, the accusatory system which came into force on 13 July 2001.

The criminal justice system in Ecuador is based on the equality of two opposing parties, the defendant, represented by counsel; the prosecutor, who conduct the investigation and criminal prosecution. The process is carried out through public hearings.

==level 2==Sources of Defendants' Rights ==level 2==
In Ecuador the procedural guarantees and the Defendants’ rights, are enshrined in Chapter 8, Articles 75 to 82 of the National Constitution dedicated to protection rights, . The Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 360 of 2000) refers to the fundamental principles in Articles 1 to15. In accordance to Article 11 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, the rights and guarantees set out in international treaties concerning human rights, have a direct and immediate application.
In that sense,, the rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, and the Statute of the International Criminal Court, are also sources of protection of defendants’ rights and the procedural guarantees.

==level 2==Defendants' Rights ==level 2==
Human dignity.- The preamble and Article 10. 7 of the Constitution set out the right to human dignity. This right is inviolable and must be guaranteed to all persons deprived of the liberty. All actions should be in compliance with this right.
The due process rights.- The due process includes a set of rights such as the presumption of innocence, the principle of legality, the right to defense, and the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay. Article 76 of the Constitution provides all guarantees of due process.
Right to liberty.- The Ecuadorian Constitution provides this right in Articles 66 and 77 paragraph 1, states that the limitation of this right in criminal proceedings will be exceptional. The right to freedom expresses that it can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law, people will only be apprehended in pursuance of a written and substantiated by competent authority, “in flagrante delicto” this commandment is not necessary.
Right to liberty.- The Bolivian Constitution Article 23, states that this can only be restricted within the limits prescribed by law. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: it is necessary warrants duly issued by a competent judicial authority, in cases of flagrant warrants are not necessary.

===level 3===Presumption of innocence ===level 3===
Article 76. 2 of the Constitution and Article 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure establish the right of all defendants to be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a final judgment before a competent Court.

===level 3===Legality of the sentence ===level 3===
Enshrined in Article 76. 3 of the Constitution, and Article 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, states that no one shall be convicted of an act that is not expressly declared by law as criminal offense. All subsequent laws, favorable to the defendant, should apply.

===level 3===The right to defense===level 3===
Established in Article 11 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 76.7 of the Constitution, the right of defense is inviolable, every defendant has the right to participate with in a counsel all stages of the proceedings. The state must provide free legal assistance for defendants with limited resources.

==level 2==Pre-Trial Phase ==level 2==
The preliminary stage of the criminal process consists of preliminary investigation and prosecutorial examining, during the investigation the prosecutor and the judicial police investigate alleged criminal facts. The maximum duration of the preliminary investigation is a maximum two years for offenses punishable by imprisonment.
If there is sufficient evidence of the existence of the crime and the person's participation in it, the prosecutor will resolve the start of the prosecutorial examining, from that time the accused has the right to a counsel chosen or appointed ex officio.
The maximum term for the prosecutorial examining is 90 days without extension, from the date of notification to the accused. The proceedings conducted after that period, have no value.

==level 2==Court Procedures ==level 2==
The criminal process begins with the intermediate stage. This stage consists in a preliminary hearing which is held before a judge, the judge heard both parties and after examining their arguments he decides whether or not the accused for trial. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge may issue a summons to trial or order of dismissal.

===level 3===The Trial ===level 3===

Since the implementation of the adversarial criminal justice system in Ecuador, the trial phase is carried out through public hearings, based in a public competition between the prosecution and the defense, before to an impartial judge. The judge determines the guilt or innocence of the accused, after studying the evidence provided by the parties.

The trial stage is held publicly with oral proceedings, during which the parties present their evidence and defend their respective allegations before an impartial judge, who listen to the arguments and the examination and cross-examination of evidence, to determine guilt or innocence. The judge considers the evidence that has been presented to him, to determine whether or not the prosecutor has proven the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The judge must render an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial. The oral trial is held in accordance to the principles of immediacy, contradiction, and concentration.

===level 3===Post-Conviction===level 3===
====level 4====Sentence====level 4====
In Ecuador, the sentence must be substantiated, when the Court has the certainty of the existence of the crime and that the defendant’s responsibility in it, the judge will issue a convicting judgment. When there is no proof of the existence of the crime or the liability of the defendant, beyond a reasonable doubt the judge will render a judgment of acquittal.

Criminal penalties are divided into principal and accessory. The principal penalties are prison, disqualification and fine. Accessory penalties are disqualification and fine.

Among the accessory penalties are: the disqualification; the disqualification the deprivation of the right to operate motor vehicles, and the deprivation of the right to possess or carry firearms. These sanctions are imposed when they are substantially related to the crime. The fine is the payment of money to be fixed in days, since 10 days until 1000 days.

====level 4====Appeal====level 4====
The appeal can be requested by both parties, when the judge renders a judgment of acquittal or conviction. The appeal mechanisms are appeal, the motion to vacate, review, cassation and appeal on points of fact.

The appeal on points of fact shall be granted when the judge or court has rejected requests filed by the parties the other remedies. This action shall be brought before a judge or court which has refused the appeal within three days after notification of decision.

The motion to vacate proceeds in three cases: when the judge has acted without jurisdiction, when the sentence does not meet the legal requirements and, when the conduct of the proceedings had violated the procedure provided in the law.

The appeal must be filed within 3 days after the notification of the decision, must be submitted to the tribunal which sends it to a superior court. The superior court must issue a verdict within 15 days
.
The appeal of cassation is an exceptional appeal, which must be submitted to the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction for upholding or annul rulings, in cases of serious error, incongruence or violation of guiding principles or procedural guarantees.

The petition for review may be submitted at any time after the court has issued a ruling by if new evidence demonstrates factual errors in the decision.

Criminal Justice Systems Around the World

2012-10-29T08:59:20Z

Jfischer:

Criminal justice systems can be loosely classified as either common, civil, Islamic or socialist law in nature. However, today many jurisdictions have adopted hybrid models that combine elements of various legal systems. Many of these systems share a common set of [[Core Values | core values]]. In addition, most criminal justice systems have adopted a [[Legality Principle | legality principle]]. Almost every criminal justice system is made of of similar [[Actors in the Criminal Justice System | actors]].

==Country Pages==
<div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Afghanistan
* Algeria
* Angola
* [[Argentina]]
* Armenia
* Australia
*[[Austria]]
* [[Azerbaijan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
* Belgium
* Benin
* [[Bolivia]]
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Brunei]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Cameroon]]
*[[Cambodia]]
* [[Canada]]
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* [[Chile]]
*[[China]]
*[[Colombia]]
* Côte d'Ivoire
* [[Cuba]]
* Cyprus
* [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
* [[Ecuador]]
* [[Egypt]]
* El Salvador
*[[England and Wales]]
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* [[France]]
** French Guiana
* [[Georgia]]
*[[Germany]]
</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea Bissau
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Hong Kong
*[[India]]
*[[Indonesia]]
*Iran
*Iraq
*Ireland
*Israel
* [[Italy]]
*[[Jamaica]]
*[[Japan]]
* Jordan
*[[Kenya]]
*[[Laos]]
* Lebanon
* [[Liberia]]
* Malawi
* [[Malaysia]]
* Mali
*[[Mexico]]
* Mongolia
* Morocco
*[[Myanmar]]
* [[Nepal]]
* Netherlands
*New Zealand
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* Norway

</div><div style="float: left; width: 33%">

* [[Pakistan]]
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Poland
* Romania
* [[Rwanda]]
* [[Russia]]
* [[Saudi Arabia]]
* Scotland
* [[Senegal]]
* Serbia
* Sierra Leone
* [[Singapore]]
* [[Solomon Islands]]
* [[South Africa]]
*[[South Korea]]
* Spain
*[[Sri Lanka]]
* Sudan
* Suriname
* [[Swaziland]]
* [[Sweden]]
* [[Switzerland]]
* Syria
*[[Tanzania]]
**[[Zanzibar]]
*[[Thailand]]
* Trinidad and Tobago
*[[The Republic of the Philippines]]
*[[Tunisia]]
* Turkey
*[[Uganda]]
* Ukraine
*United Arab Emirates
*[[United States]]
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* [[Venezuela]]
*[[Vietnam]]
*[[Zimbabwe]]

</div>

{{Languages|Criminal Justice Systems Around the World}}

==Other Countries==
See a country that is not listed here? Email elearning@ibj.org.

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See [[Legal Aid Systems and Supporting NGOs around the world]]