Zimbabwe

BACKGROUND After 1980 Zimbabwe was widely regarded as a model African democracy. However, since 2000, the country has been engulfed in a crippling political, economic, and humanitarian crisis that has virtually wiped out the progress made over the previous two decades. An estimated 3.5 million Zimbabweans have fled the country over the past seven years. Zimbabwe once boasted one of Africa's most sophisticated and developed legal communities. However, the country's justice system was adversely affected by the political meltdown, with lawyers and judges fleeing the country by the hundreds. The country's prisons swelled and the pre-trial detention population soared. During this period of turmoil, torture became widely accepted as a legitimate tool for police investigation and judicial sanctions. A total system collapse resulted in a humanitarian catastrophe on a massive scale. Zimbabwe is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities with provincial status (Harare and Bulawayo). The current Legal Aid Directorate (LAD) is staffed by 15 lawyers, all based in Harare, representing the needs of Zimbabwe's 12 million citizens. LAD focuses almost exclusively on civil cases. As a result, defendants receive legal aid only in the most serious of cases. QUICK FACTS Rule of Law: 1.4/100 2009 Prison Population: 17,967, 136 people per 100,000

ZIMBABWE CRIMINAL DEFENSE MANUAL Table of Contents Introduction Defense Lawyer's Role and Responsibilities Pre-Trial Matters Jurisdiction of Courts Preparing for Trial Trials Rules of Evidence Criminal Law Code Verdict Sentence Record of Proceedings Appeals Automatic Review and Scrutiny Miscellaneous Matters LEGAL RESOURCES Other Materials Zimbabwe Country Summary Card Codes Zimbabwe Legal Aid Act The Constitution of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Criminal Code Legal Training Resource Center eLearning Courses for Zimbabwean lawyers