Difference between revisions of "Togo(en)"

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===Free Justice===
 
===Free Justice===
  
 +
Access to justice is free of charge. Under article 10, paragraph 1, of Ordinance No. 78-35 of 7 September 1978, "Justice is free of charge, subject to stamp and registration duties, the fees of judicial officers and the costs incurred for the investigation of trials or the enforcement of judicial decisions. These costs shall be borne by the unsuccessful party, the advance shall be made by the party to whose benefit they are incurred.
 +
 +
In criminal matters, when the civil party initiates public proceedings by direct summons, it is required, if it has not obtained legal aid and under penalty of inadmissibility of its complaint, to deposit at the registry the sum fixed by order of the investigating judge (article 71 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). A tendency to set excessive costs in order to discourage complainants in certain types of cases has been identified, whereas, at present, Togolese litigants are not eligible for legal aid. Other costs incurred in the course of the procedure shall be borne by the Treasury.
  
 
===Principle of legality and non-retroactivity of criminal law===
 
===Principle of legality and non-retroactivity of criminal law===
  
 +
Article 19 of the Constitution provides that "no one may be convicted of acts that did not constitute an offence at the time they were committed". Article 3 of the Criminal Code provides that "no one may be prosecuted or punished for a crime or offence the elements of which are not defined by law, or for a contravention the elements of which are not defined by regulation. No one may be punished with a penalty that is not provided for by law, if the offence is a crime or misdemeanour, or by regulation, if the offence is a contravention.
  
 
===The right to be tried within a reasonable time===
 
===The right to be tried within a reasonable time===
  
 +
Under Togolese law, the right of every person to have his case heard and decided within a reasonable time is enshrined in article 19, paragraph 1, of the Constitution. Indeed, the reasonable length of the proceedings preserves the credibility of the justice system and its effectiveness.
 +
 +
According to a report prepared in 2012 by the Inspectorate General of Judicial and Penitentiary Services, more than 70% of prisoners in prisons are pre-trial detainees . In criminal cases, proceedings last at least 36 months and can last up to 7 years. According to article 112 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,''preventive detention is an exceptional measure and, when ordered, certain rules must be observed with regard to its duration''.
  
 
===The abolition of the death penalty===
 
===The abolition of the death penalty===
  
 +
The death penalty was abolished by Act No. 2009-011 of 24 January 2009 on the abolition of the death penalty in Togo. Togo is the 15th member country of the African Union and the 94th country in the world to abolish the death penalty for all crimes.
  
 
===Procedural guarantees===
 
===Procedural guarantees===
  
 +
====The prohibition of arbitrary arrests====
 +
 +
Article 15 of the Togolese Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention. Anyone who is arrested without a legal basis or detained beyond the time limit for police custody may, at his request or at the request of any interested party, bring the matter before the judicial authority which decides on the legality or regularity of the measure.
 +
 +
====The right to be examined by a doctor====
 +
 +
Article 16 of the Constitution provides that the accused or detainee has the right to be examined by a doctor of his or her choice.
 +
 +
====The time limit for police custody====
 +
 +
Police custody is regulated in the Code of Criminal Procedure by articles 52 and next. Its duration varies according to the gravity of the infringement and its complexity. In principle, it is 48 hours, renewable once, and may, exceptionally, go beyond that, up to 15 days, in the case of complex cases (drugs with foreign ramifications), pursuant to articles 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and 126 of Act No. 98-008 of 18 March 1998 on drug control.
 +
 +
However, it must be noted that very often judicial police officers greatly exceed this period of police custody before the defendant is brought before the public prosecutor. The exception (beyond 48 hours) often becomes the rule. This situation is most often due to non-compliance with the provisions of articles 11, 18, 44 and 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which require judicial police officers, in the context of their criminal or correctional proceedings, to inform the Public Prosecutor or the judge in charge of the Public Prosecutor's Office. This obligation to provide information is all the more imperative when it comes to taking or extending police custody measures. The serious consequence of the lack of information is that police custody measures are completely beyond the control of the prosecutor or the judge in charge of the public prosecutor's office.
  
 
===Presumption of innocence===
 
===Presumption of innocence===
  
 +
This principle is provided for in article 18 of the Constitution, which states that "Every accused person shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty following a trial that provides him with the guarantees necessary for his defence. The judiciary, as guardian of individual freedom, ensures compliance with this principle under the conditions provided for by law.
 +
 +
The principle of presumption of innocence is based on article 11 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (enshrined in the Preamble to the Togolese Constitution), which provides that "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has been afforded all the guarantees necessary for his defence....".
  
 
===The rights of the defence===
 
===The rights of the defence===
  
 +
The rights of the defence include the right to be informed of the charges against you, to have access to your file, to be represented by a lawyer, to have prosecution and defence witnesses heard, and to have the assistance of an interpreter, if necessary. In Togo, article 11, paragraph 1, of Ordinance No. 80-11 of 9 January 1980 on the exercise of the legal profession provides that: "Lawyers shall be grouped into a bar association per court of appeal administered by a council of the Bar elected for three years...".
 +
 +
In practice, and despite the possibility of creating a bar in Kara, where the second court of appeal is located, there is only one bar based in Lomé, the city where lawyers are concentrated. Apart from criminal cases in which lawyers can be appointed, it is therefore difficult for litigants to be assisted by a lawyer. The absence of a bar and therefore of lawyers outside Lomé is likely to hinder the rights of the defence.
  
 
===Information on the inculpation charges===
 
===Information on the inculpation charges===
  
 +
According to article 17 of the Constitution, "Any arrested person has the right to be immediately informed of the charges against him/her". Thus, the accused must be informed of the nature and cause of the charge against him or her, in detail, in a language he or she understands, and must have the time and facilities necessary to prepare his or her defence. In practice, the accused is rarely informed of the charges against him or her at the time of arrest. It is only at the level of the public prosecutor and the investigating judge that notification traditionally takes place.
  
 
===The right to have witnesses heard===
 
===The right to have witnesses heard===
  
 +
The accused shall have the right to call witnesses for the prosecution and the defence under the same conditions. However, this right is not absolute and does not allow the summoning or questioning of any witness for the prosecution or defence. It may be limited, if necessary, in the interest of the proper administration of justice. Thus, the defendant obviously cannot call false witnesses.
  
 
==Pre-trial criminal proceedings==
 
==Pre-trial criminal proceedings==

Revision as of 16:09, 5 August 2019

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Contents

LEGAL TRAINING RESOURCE CENTER


Background

Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a West African country with Lomé as its capital. It is one of the smallest African states, bordered to the north by Burkina Faso, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea, to the east by Benin and to the west by Ghana. The population is estimated at about 7.6 million in 2017.

On 27 September 1992, the Constitution of the Fourth Togolese Republic was adopted by referendum, which enshrines a number of provisions on the rights, freedoms and duties of citizens in Title II "Rights, freedoms and duties of citizens" (articles 10 to 50) and affirms the principles of separation of powers and independence of the judiciary and Title VIII "Judicial power" (articles 112-129). The fundamental objective of this Constitution was to include Togo in the circle of democratic states that respect human rights and the rule of law.

The judicial organisation in Togo

The judicial organization in Togo, like its law, is influenced by French law. Togo's judicial organization is composed of two orders, the judicial order and the administrative order (Article 119 of the Constitution). The judicial organisation in Togo was created by Ordinance No. 78-35 of 7 September 1978 on the judicial organisation, as amended successively.

According to article 1 of Order No. 78-35, justice is administered by two categories of ordinary courts: "ordinary courts of common law" and "specialized ordinary courts". The ordinary courts of common law are:

-The Supreme Court (established by articles 120 to 125 of the Constitution and governed by Organic Law No. 97-005 of 6 March 1997 on the organization and functioning of the Supreme Court);

-The Courts of Appeal, and -The Courts of First Instance.

The specialized ordinary courts are:

-Labour courts, and -Juvenile courts

In addition, there are also two categories of special courts, namely the Security Court (governed by Act No. 81-006 of 30 March 1981 on the Code of Military Justice) and the Special Court for the Punishment of the Misappropriation of Public Money (governed by Order No. 72-018 of 13 September 1972 establishing a special court for the punishment of the diversion of public funds).

The ordinary courts of common law - namely the Supreme Court, the courts of appeal and the courts of first instance - are organised into chambers:

-The Supreme Court sits in administrative and judicial chambers;

-The courts of appeal sit in civil, commercial and social chambers, correctional chambers, administrative chambers, indictments and assizes courts, and

-The courts of first instance sit in civil chambers, commercial and correctional chambers.

The specialized ordinary courts are not organized into chambers.

Type of legal system

The criminal procedure in Togo has features of the adversarial and inquisitorial systems. First, in the first phase, the procedure is inquisitorial in nature: it is indeed the police and investigating magistrates who seek and collect evidence. The procedure is in principle written and secret. Then, in the second phase of the judgment, the procedure is more adversarial, public and oral. The accused defends himself against the public prosecutor, who represents the interests of society that have been harmed by the commission of a criminal offence.

The sources of the rights of the defence

National sources of the rights of the defence

One of the main sources of the rights of defence is the Togolese Constitution, in particular its Title II "Rights, freedoms and duties of citizens" (articles 10 to 50). They include:

- protection against arbitrary detention (Article 15);

- the right to a lawyer (Article 16);

- the presumption of innocence (Article 18), - the right to a fair trial (Article 19)

The protection of the rights of the defence is also ensured by the Criminal Code (Act No. 2015-10 of 24 November 2015 on the new Criminal Code), as well as by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Act No. 83-001 of 2 March 1983), as well as their implementing regulations. Among the national sources, we can also mention:

- Act No. 2009-011 of 24 January 2009 on the abolition of the death penalty in Togo - Organic Act No. 97-005 of 6 March 1997 on the organization and functioning of the Supreme Court - Order No. 78-35 of 7 September 1978 on judicial organization, and - Act No. 2013-010 of 27 May 2013 on legal aid in Togo.

International sources of the rights of the defence

The protection of the rights of the defence is ensured by the following international sources:

- the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948 (included in the preamble to the Constitution of Togo)

- the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted on 16 December 1966 in New York by the United Nations General Assembly (included in the preamble to the Constitution of Togo)

- the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights adopted on 28 June 1981 by the Organisation of African Unity (included in the preamble to the Constitution of Togo), whose article 7 guarantees the right to a fair trial and access to justice

- the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child adopted by the Organization of African Unity on 11 July 1990, and

- the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment adopted on 10 December 1984 by the United Nations General Assembly.

The organs of the criminal trial

The judicial police

Composition: Under Book 1 - Title I - Chapter I of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Togo, the judicial police is exercised under the direction and supervision of the Public Prosecutor. The judicial police understand: judicial police officers, judicial police agents, and officials and agents to whom certain judicial police functions are assigned by law.

Judicial police officers: Judicial police officers are responsible for identifying offences under criminal law, gathering evidence and searching for perpetrators until information is available (article 13 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). They receive complaints and denunciations, conduct preliminary investigations and exercise the powers conferred on them in the event of flagrant crimes and offences (article 16 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). They have the right to request the direct assistance of the police force for the execution of their mission.

Judicial police officers are required to inform the Public Prosecutor without delay of crimes and offences of which they are aware. As soon as their operations are completed, they must send him directly the original and a certified copy of the minutes they have drawn up; the seized objects shall be made available to him.

The following are judicial police officers: 1) The Public Prosecutor and his deputies

2) The Judges in charge of the Public Prosecutor's Office

3) The Investigating Judges

4) Gendarmerie Officers, Brigade Commanders and Heads of Gendarmerie Posts

5) The Director of National Security and his deputy

6) The Prefects and Deputy Prefects

7) The Mayors

8) The Police Commissioners and Heads of Police Posts

9) The Gendarmerie NCOs, Police Officers and Assistant Police Officers.

Judicial police agents: The mission of judicial police agents is to assist judicial police officers, to report to their superiors all crimes, offences and contraventions of which they are aware and to record, in accordance with their leaders' orders, offences against criminal law and to collect all information with a view to discovering the perpetrators of these offences (article 20 of the Code of Criminal Procedure), all within the framework and in the forms provided for by their own laws.

Gendarmes and civil servants who do not have the status of judicial police agents shall be considered as judicial police officers. Officials and agents in charge of certain judicial police functions: Officials and agents of public administrations and services to whom special laws grant certain powers of judicial police exercise these powers under the conditions and within the limits set by the laws (Article 21 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The Public Prosecutor's Office

The provisions concerning the Public Prosecutor's Office can be found in Book 1 - Title I - Chapter II of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Public Prosecutor's Office carries out public action and requires the application of the law. He is a party to the criminal proceedings and as such defends the interests of the company that have been harmed by the commission of an offence. Before the Court of First Instance, the Public Prosecutor’s Office is represented by a Public Prosecutor. At the level of the Court of Appeal and the Assize Court, the Public Prosecutor's Office is represented by a General Prosecutor.

The Public Prosecutor receives complaints and denunciations and assesses the follow-up to be given to them according to the particularities of the case (principle of the desirability of prosecution). In the event of a discontinuation without further action, it shall notify the complainant and inform him of the reason for the discontinuation. The Public Prosecutor shall carry out or arrange for the carrying out of all acts necessary for the investigation and prosecution of offences under criminal law. To this end, he shall direct the activities of the officers and agents of the judicial police within his jurisdiction.

The investigating judge and the indictment division

The provisions governing the investigating judge are found in Book 1 - Title I - Chapter III of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The investigating judge is responsible for investigating the case before the trial. It is referred to it by an indictment of the Public Prosecutor or by a complaint with a civil action. The Indictments Chamber is a panel of a Court of Appeal, which hears appeals against the decisions of the investigating judges.

The trial courts

The trial courts in criminal matters are:

- The correctional chambers of the courts of first instance, competent to judge contraventions and offences at first instance

- the sitting courts, competent to judge crimes at first instance

- the courts of appeal, and

- the Supreme Court.

Legal aid situation

The principle of equitable access to justice, as set out in the international instruments ratified by Togo, has been introduced into the domestic legal system through the founding texts of the judicial institution.

Thus, the free provision of the public service of justice was enshrined in Ordinance No. 78-35 of 7 September 1978 on the organization of the judiciary in Togo. This ordinance established the possibility of a beneficiary of legal aid ("legal aid"), but the implementing decree has not yet been adopted.

It is in this context that the government has had Law No. 2013-010 of 27 May 2013 on legal aid in Togo adopted and promulgated. Article 2 of this law defines legal aid as "financial assistance granted by the State for proceedings before a court and/or in matters of settlement". The latter may be total or partial, depending on the applicant's income.

Chapter II of this law provides that legal aid may be granted to "natural persons of Togolese nationality whose resources are insufficient to assert their rights in court or to pursue the execution of any enforcement acts and procedures obtained without the benefit of this assistance" (article 4).

Chapter III details the bodies in charge of this assistance: the National Legal Aid Council and the Legal Aid Office.

The procedures for the admission and withdrawal of aid are set out in Chapters VI and VII respectively of the said Act.


The beneficiary of legal aid is entitled to the assistance of a lawyer (Article 41), whose fees are borne, in part or in whole, by the State. In addition, legal aid covers all costs, fees and taxes of all kinds relating to actions, proceedings, hearings, procedures and acts of all kinds necessary to achieve the purpose for which legal aid was granted (Article 50). The modalities for the application of this law must be determined by an implementing decree which has not yet been adopted, however, in the absence of clear criteria for assessing indigence and fixing the fees of public defenders.


A study mission composed of lawyers, magistrates, government representatives and staff of the Justice Sector Support Programme visited Dakar, Senegal, from 8 to 15 May 2016. The mission of this team was to collect all relevant information, meet with legal aid stakeholders, study the system of operation and administration of legal aid in Senegal with a view to appropriating the mechanism, and acquire the good practices and technical skills necessary to complete the process of effective implementation of legal aid in Togo. It will also make it possible, above all, to establish the criteria for indigence and those relating to the calculation of lawyers' fees. These criteria are essential for the preparation of the implementing regulations for the Legal Aid Act. Nevertheless, Togo has few lawyers. According to the Togolese Bar Association[1], in 2015, 155 lawyers were registered with the Bar and there were 9 trainee lawyers. Most lawyers are based in law firms in Lomé, the capital.

The rights of the accused

Free Justice

Access to justice is free of charge. Under article 10, paragraph 1, of Ordinance No. 78-35 of 7 September 1978, "Justice is free of charge, subject to stamp and registration duties, the fees of judicial officers and the costs incurred for the investigation of trials or the enforcement of judicial decisions. These costs shall be borne by the unsuccessful party, the advance shall be made by the party to whose benefit they are incurred.

In criminal matters, when the civil party initiates public proceedings by direct summons, it is required, if it has not obtained legal aid and under penalty of inadmissibility of its complaint, to deposit at the registry the sum fixed by order of the investigating judge (article 71 of the Code of Criminal Procedure). A tendency to set excessive costs in order to discourage complainants in certain types of cases has been identified, whereas, at present, Togolese litigants are not eligible for legal aid. Other costs incurred in the course of the procedure shall be borne by the Treasury.

Principle of legality and non-retroactivity of criminal law

Article 19 of the Constitution provides that "no one may be convicted of acts that did not constitute an offence at the time they were committed". Article 3 of the Criminal Code provides that "no one may be prosecuted or punished for a crime or offence the elements of which are not defined by law, or for a contravention the elements of which are not defined by regulation. No one may be punished with a penalty that is not provided for by law, if the offence is a crime or misdemeanour, or by regulation, if the offence is a contravention.

The right to be tried within a reasonable time

Under Togolese law, the right of every person to have his case heard and decided within a reasonable time is enshrined in article 19, paragraph 1, of the Constitution. Indeed, the reasonable length of the proceedings preserves the credibility of the justice system and its effectiveness.

According to a report prepared in 2012 by the Inspectorate General of Judicial and Penitentiary Services, more than 70% of prisoners in prisons are pre-trial detainees . In criminal cases, proceedings last at least 36 months and can last up to 7 years. According to article 112 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,preventive detention is an exceptional measure and, when ordered, certain rules must be observed with regard to its duration.

The abolition of the death penalty

The death penalty was abolished by Act No. 2009-011 of 24 January 2009 on the abolition of the death penalty in Togo. Togo is the 15th member country of the African Union and the 94th country in the world to abolish the death penalty for all crimes.

Procedural guarantees

The prohibition of arbitrary arrests

Article 15 of the Togolese Constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention. Anyone who is arrested without a legal basis or detained beyond the time limit for police custody may, at his request or at the request of any interested party, bring the matter before the judicial authority which decides on the legality or regularity of the measure.

The right to be examined by a doctor

Article 16 of the Constitution provides that the accused or detainee has the right to be examined by a doctor of his or her choice.

The time limit for police custody

Police custody is regulated in the Code of Criminal Procedure by articles 52 and next. Its duration varies according to the gravity of the infringement and its complexity. In principle, it is 48 hours, renewable once, and may, exceptionally, go beyond that, up to 15 days, in the case of complex cases (drugs with foreign ramifications), pursuant to articles 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and 126 of Act No. 98-008 of 18 March 1998 on drug control.

However, it must be noted that very often judicial police officers greatly exceed this period of police custody before the defendant is brought before the public prosecutor. The exception (beyond 48 hours) often becomes the rule. This situation is most often due to non-compliance with the provisions of articles 11, 18, 44 and 52 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which require judicial police officers, in the context of their criminal or correctional proceedings, to inform the Public Prosecutor or the judge in charge of the Public Prosecutor's Office. This obligation to provide information is all the more imperative when it comes to taking or extending police custody measures. The serious consequence of the lack of information is that police custody measures are completely beyond the control of the prosecutor or the judge in charge of the public prosecutor's office.

Presumption of innocence

This principle is provided for in article 18 of the Constitution, which states that "Every accused person shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty following a trial that provides him with the guarantees necessary for his defence. The judiciary, as guardian of individual freedom, ensures compliance with this principle under the conditions provided for by law.

The principle of presumption of innocence is based on article 11 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (enshrined in the Preamble to the Togolese Constitution), which provides that "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has been afforded all the guarantees necessary for his defence....".

The rights of the defence

The rights of the defence include the right to be informed of the charges against you, to have access to your file, to be represented by a lawyer, to have prosecution and defence witnesses heard, and to have the assistance of an interpreter, if necessary. In Togo, article 11, paragraph 1, of Ordinance No. 80-11 of 9 January 1980 on the exercise of the legal profession provides that: "Lawyers shall be grouped into a bar association per court of appeal administered by a council of the Bar elected for three years...".

In practice, and despite the possibility of creating a bar in Kara, where the second court of appeal is located, there is only one bar based in Lomé, the city where lawyers are concentrated. Apart from criminal cases in which lawyers can be appointed, it is therefore difficult for litigants to be assisted by a lawyer. The absence of a bar and therefore of lawyers outside Lomé is likely to hinder the rights of the defence.

Information on the inculpation charges

According to article 17 of the Constitution, "Any arrested person has the right to be immediately informed of the charges against him/her". Thus, the accused must be informed of the nature and cause of the charge against him or her, in detail, in a language he or she understands, and must have the time and facilities necessary to prepare his or her defence. In practice, the accused is rarely informed of the charges against him or her at the time of arrest. It is only at the level of the public prosecutor and the investigating judge that notification traditionally takes place.

The right to have witnesses heard

The accused shall have the right to call witnesses for the prosecution and the defence under the same conditions. However, this right is not absolute and does not allow the summoning or questioning of any witness for the prosecution or defence. It may be limited, if necessary, in the interest of the proper administration of justice. Thus, the defendant obviously cannot call false witnesses.

Pre-trial criminal proceedings

Investigations in the criminal procedural system in Togo

The investigating judge

The constitution of a civil party

Transportation, searches and seizures

The hearing of witnesses

Questions and confrontations

Mandates and their execution

Preventive detention

The Letter of Request

Expertise

Nullity of information

Procedure during the trial

Before the Assize Court

Before the Court of First Instance

Debates

The judgment

The appeal and the appeal in cassation