https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&feed=atom&action=historyReputation and Opinion - Revision history2024-03-29T10:10:53ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.1https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&diff=12151&oldid=prevJsalome5 at 08:17, 10 July 20122012-07-10T08:17:07Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:17, 10 July 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*properly qualified expert:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*properly qualified expert:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The expert must be qualified and credible. Generally, notice of a use of an expert should be given in advance, and the qualifications of the expert (within a defined field) should be given to the court. The expert should be available for cross-examination on the issue/science of this testimony, as well as on his credentials (the latter possibly in a voir dire).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The expert must be qualified and credible. Generally, notice of a use of an expert should be given in advance, and the qualifications of the expert (within a defined field) should be given to the court. The expert should be available for cross-examination on the issue/science of this testimony, as well as on his credentials (the latter possibly in a voir dire).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">----</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See [[Evidence]] and [[Expert Witnesses]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&diff=12150&oldid=prevJsalome5: /* Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion */2012-07-10T08:15:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:15, 10 July 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Expert Opinion are admissible based on relevance, necessity, policy and qualification. </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Expert Opinion are admissible based on relevance, necessity, policy and qualification. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The function of an expert is to provide the judge and jury with a ready-made inference which the judge and jury, due to the technical nature of the facts, are unable to formulate.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The function of an expert is to provide the judge and jury with a ready-made inference which the judge and jury, due to the technical nature of the facts, are unable to formulate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. If, on the proven facts, a judge or jury can form their own conclusion without help, then the opinion of the expert is unnecessary. Experts should not complicate the matter so as to confuse the trier of fact. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Expert evidence is usually held to a higher level of srcutiny, the degrees of which grow stronger based on the below factors before it is admissible:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*relevant, </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*necessary to assist the trier of fact, </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*exclusion under another policy rule: </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">See the ''Ultimate Issue Rule'': experts cannot express an opinion on the guilt of the defendant or on the credibility of a particular witness. For example, lie detectors or polygraphs are generally inadmissible as they are used as a means of psychological intimidation. They are also seen as a perversion of the adversary system because it takes the decision of conviction away and are not an objective science). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*properly qualified expert:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The expert must be qualified and credible. Generally, notice of a use of an expert should be given in advance, and the qualifications of the expert (within a defined field) should be given to the court. The expert should be available for cross-examination on the issue/science of this testimony, as well as on his credentials (the latter possibly in a voir dire)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&diff=12149&oldid=prevJsalome5: /* Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion */2012-07-09T14:51:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:51, 9 July 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Expert Opinion are admissible based on relevance, necessity, policy and qualification. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The function of an expert is to provide the judge and jury with a ready-made inference which the judge and jury, due to the technical nature of the facts, are unable to formulate.</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&diff=12148&oldid=prevJsalome5: /* First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge */2012-07-09T14:46:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:46, 9 July 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eyewitness identification is the identification of the accused either visually or in any other sensory manner. During the pre-trial phase, it can be completed in various forms: photo line-up or police sketch. However, these can be weakened by "unconscious transfer" where the police or media convey a perception of guilt onto the accused.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Eyewitness identification is the identification of the accused either visually or in any other sensory manner. During the pre-trial phase, it can be completed in various forms: photo line-up or police sketch. However, these can be weakened by "unconscious transfer" where the police or media convey a perception of guilt onto the accused.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Docks identifications are generally weak and the weaknesses can be exploited in cross examination. In the United States and in other jurisdictions, they allow expert evidence on weaknesses of relying on direct evidence to prove identity as the jury tends to be quite influenced by an emphatic positive identification. Note: be warry that eyewitness identification is subject to influence and human frailty.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&diff=12147&oldid=prevJsalome5: /* First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge */2012-07-09T14:20:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:20, 9 July 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lay opinion (from the accused, experts or outside expertise) can be used if it is part of a '''shared human experience'''. Usually a situation where witness cannot explain themselves clearly without using the opinion. It can be argued that opinion evidence can be given provided that it does not usurp the ultimate issue for the trier of fact (i.e.: not conclusive). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eyewitness identification is the identification of the accused either visually or in any other sensory manner. During the pre-trial phase, it can be completed in various forms: photo line-up or police sketch. However, these can be weakened by "unconscious transfer" where the police or media convey a perception of guilt onto the accused.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div></td></tr>
</table>Jsalome5https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Reputation_and_Opinion&diff=12146&oldid=prevJsalome5: Created page with "=Background= As a general rule, opinion evidence is inadmissible. Witnesses are supposed to testify about facts, not opinions. The witnesses should present the facts, then the..."2012-07-09T13:51:11Z<p>Created page with "=Background= As a general rule, opinion evidence is inadmissible. Witnesses are supposed to testify about facts, not opinions. The witnesses should present the facts, then the..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>=Background=<br />
As a general rule, opinion evidence is inadmissible. Witnesses are supposed to testify about facts, not opinions. The witnesses should present the facts, then the jury (trier of fact) can form opinions on the facts. <br />
<br />
'''Compendious statement of facts''' is an exception to the opinion evidence rule: lay witnesses are permitted to testify in the form of an opinion if, by doing so, he is more able to accurately express the facts he perceived. There are no degrees of expertness in lay opinion : e.g. no one is an expert witness about whether someone is unable to drive, whether the police or not (but do have this for expert evidence). There is a broad spectrum for allowing testimony of lay people (e.g. handwriting, age of goods, moods). No opinion can be given on legal issue. <br />
<br />
A lay person is not qualified to testify on a number of subjects to safeguard against speculation. E.g.: Eyewitness identification and item recognition are opinion matters. <br />
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The drawing of interferences are generally prohibited in courts (we do not want police officers coming into court and simply saying "in my opinion, the accused was driving under the influence of alcohol". <br />
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Lay opinion evidence is admissible to identify a person or a thing. <br />
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'''There are two exceptions to the rule disallowing opinion evidence''': ''common knowledge'' and ''expert opinion''. <br />
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=First Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Common Knowledge=<br />
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=Second Exception to the Rule Disallowing Opinion Evidence: Expert Opinion=</div>Jsalome5