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− | Although under CAT, torture by definition requires state action, private actors can be implicated in certain instances. For example, if the individual violates Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and crimes against humanity. Yet even in these instances, a link to an organization (to a party to the conflict, to a group carrying out attacks on the civilian population as part of a policy) is necessary for individual criminal responsibility <ref> The Definition of Torture: Proceedings of an Expert Seminar. Association for the Prevention of Torture. November 10-11, 2001 </ref>.
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| ====2. Severe pain or suffering==== | | ====2. Severe pain or suffering==== |
Revision as of 11:01, 1 July 2010