Difference between revisions of "Administrative Detention"

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==Administrative Detention and Violent Sexual Predators==
 
==Administrative Detention and Violent Sexual Predators==
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Some jurisdictions call for the administrative detention of sexual predators. In Missouri, for instance, Missouri Code 632.484<ref>2009 Missouri Code Title XL ADDITIONAL EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Chapter - 632 Comprehensive Psychiatric Services - 632.484. Detention and evaluation</ref> provides one example of the administrative detention of a sexual predator:
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<blockquote>When the attorney general receives written notice from any law enforcement agency that a person, who has pled guilty to or been convicted of a sexually violent offense and who is not presently in the physical custody of an agency with jurisdiction has committed a recent overt act, the attorney general may file a petition for detention and evaluation with the probate division of the court in which the person was convicted, or committed pursuant to chapter 552, RSMo, alleging the respondent may meet the definition of a sexually violent predator and should be detained for evaluation for a period of up to nine days.  The written notice shall include the previous conviction record of the person, a description of the recent overt act, if applicable, and any other evidence which tends to show the person to be a sexually violent predator. The attorney general shall provide notice of the petition to the prosecuting attorney of the county where the petition was filed.</blockquote>
  
 
==Country Specific Application==
 
==Country Specific Application==

Revision as of 23:24, 8 December 2010

Background

Criminal law traditionally looks to punish individuals who have already committed a crime. Administrative detention on the other hand typically involves the prophylactic arrest and detention of a person without trial for security reasons. Typical reasons for administrative detention include prevention of terrorism, control of immigration and the protection of society at large from sexually violent individuals.

Administrative detention is criticized because these individuals are not granted the rights that are afforded individuals in the traditional criminal justice system. The practice remains controversial because administrative detention eliminates the judiciary from the criminal justice process. The review process is often shrouded in administrative secrecy and the individual may be detaineed almost indefinitely without counsel or review of their detention.

International Law

Many believe that administrative detention violates Article 9 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which "makes clear that no-one should be subjected to arbitrary detention and that deprivation of liberty must be based on grounds and procedures established by law".

The ICCPR does permit a government to temporarily derogate from its obligation not to engage in arbitrary detention under narrow circumstances, such as a public emergency threatening the life of a nation.[1]

The United Nations has created the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention[2] on the issue. One of the issues the group has focused on is the determination whether a detention is arbitrary or not – which is not as clear-cut in the case of administrative detention as it is in the case of criminal arrest.

According to the Working group on Arbitrary Detention a declaration of a state of emergency (sometimes called state of siege, state of alert, martial law, etc.) must fulfil the following criteria:

  1. exceptional circumstances (it must not concern a structural situation, such as endemic poverty)
  2. legality (it must involve an emergency in a State based on the rule of law)
  3. duration (it may not be renewed indefinitely, as has been done in a number of cases which have come to the Group’s attention, in which it has been prolonged for 28 or even 46 consecutive years)
  4. seriousness (its sole purpose must be for dealing with an event which has placed the “life of the nation” at risk, and no other lesser circumstance)
  5. necessity (the situation which must be addressed cannot be corrected by other means)
  6. publicity (there are no de facto states of emergency

Administrative detention must always be subject to review by at least one court. This right, embodied in Article 9(4) of the ICCPR states that "Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention and order his release if the detention is not lawful." This right is known as habeas corpus.

Administrative Detention of Immigrants

Administrative Detention and Military Tribunals

Administrative Detention and Violent Sexual Predators

Some jurisdictions call for the administrative detention of sexual predators. In Missouri, for instance, Missouri Code 632.484[3] provides one example of the administrative detention of a sexual predator:

When the attorney general receives written notice from any law enforcement agency that a person, who has pled guilty to or been convicted of a sexually violent offense and who is not presently in the physical custody of an agency with jurisdiction has committed a recent overt act, the attorney general may file a petition for detention and evaluation with the probate division of the court in which the person was convicted, or committed pursuant to chapter 552, RSMo, alleging the respondent may meet the definition of a sexually violent predator and should be detained for evaluation for a period of up to nine days. The written notice shall include the previous conviction record of the person, a description of the recent overt act, if applicable, and any other evidence which tends to show the person to be a sexually violent predator. The attorney general shall provide notice of the petition to the prosecuting attorney of the county where the petition was filed.

Country Specific Application

China

Administrative Detention is common in China and comes in many forms: administrative detention (xingzheng juliu) under the Security Administrative Punishments Regulations (Zhi’an Guanli Chufa Tiaoli “SAPR”), re-education through labour (laodongjiaoyang), detention for repatriation (shourong qiansong) and stop and detain for questioning(liuzhi panwen).

Singapore

Singapore's Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (CLTPA)[4] permits the executive branch of Singapore to detain suspected criminals without trial. Introduced in 1955 during the colonial era but the statute has been renewed frequently. It is currently set to expire on 20 October 2014.

Sri Lanka

United States

The question of whether the President of the United States has the power to detain individuals without judicial review came before the U.S. Supreme Court in Boumediene v. Bush. [5] This case involved the habeas petition of an "enemy combatant"held in Guantanamo Bay. In 2006, the United States Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA). The MCA eliminated federal courts' jurisdiction to hear habeas applications from detainees who had been designated as enemy combatants. The petitioner claimed the MCA was unConstitutional. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court of the United States concluded that detainees had the right to collateral habeas review if they were held in administrative detention.

Notes

  1. ICCPR Section 4.1 "In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin."
  2. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/detention/
  3. 2009 Missouri Code Title XL ADDITIONAL EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Chapter - 632 Comprehensive Psychiatric Services - 632.484. Detention and evaluation
  4. http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?&actno=Reved-67&date=latest&method=part
  5. Boumediene v. Bush, 128 S. Ct. 2229 (2008