https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Identity_Checks
Identity Checks - Revision history
2026-04-21T16:12:18Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=378384&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin at 14:01, 4 November 2016
2016-11-04T14:01:04Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>German Criminal Procedure permits prosecutors and police officials to conduct identity checks on individuals suspected of offenses<ref>German Criminal Procedure Section163b(1)</ref> and permits officers to conduct identity checks on individuals who are not suspected of an offense if necessary to investigate a criminal offense.<ref>German Criminal Procedure Section163b(2)</ref> An individual who refuses to establish his or her identity may be detained no longer than is necessary to establish that identity.<ref>German Criminal Procedure Code 163c.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>German Criminal Procedure permits prosecutors and police officials to conduct identity checks on individuals suspected of offenses<ref>German Criminal Procedure Section163b(1)</ref> and permits officers to conduct identity checks on individuals who are not suspected of an offense if necessary to investigate a criminal offense.<ref>German Criminal Procedure Section163b(2)</ref> An individual who refuses to establish his or her identity may be detained no longer than is necessary to establish that identity.<ref>German Criminal Procedure Code 163c.</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As in many countries, minorities (particularly Muslims) accuse German police of using identity checks to intimidate immigrants. <ref>Jan Yager, German Muslims Call Mosque ID Checks "Humiliating", Global Post, Jan. 11, 2010, http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">globalpost.com</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dispatch</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">germany/100108/islam</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">terrorism</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">security</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">islamophobia.</del></ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As in many countries, minorities (particularly Muslims) accuse German police of using identity checks to intimidate immigrants. <ref>Jan Yager, German Muslims Call Mosque ID Checks "Humiliating", Global Post, Jan. 11, 2010, http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pluralism</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">news</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">german-muslims-call-mosque</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">id</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">checks</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">humiliating/</ins></ref>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==India==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==India==</div></td></tr>
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Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=378383&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin at 13:58, 4 November 2016
2016-11-04T13:58:26Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study conducted in 2007 and 2008 spent several months observing and counting French officers conducting identity stops at Paris's Gare du Nord and Chatelet-les Halles train stations. Researchers concluded that Arab and Black men had a chance of being aribtrarily stopped and asked for their identity card that was 7.8 times higher than that of Whites.<ref> French Racist Discrimination, http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">marcovilla</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">instablogs</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">entry</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">french</del>-racist-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discrimination/</del></ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study conducted in 2007 and 2008 spent several months observing and counting French officers conducting identity stops at Paris's Gare du Nord and Chatelet-les Halles train stations. Researchers concluded that Arab and Black men had a chance of being aribtrarily stopped and asked for their identity card that was 7.8 times higher than that of Whites.<ref> French Racist Discrimination, http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rfi</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fr</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">france</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20130704-Black-Arab-group-sues-over</ins>-racist-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">police-stop-search-checks</ins></ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Germany==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Germany==</div></td></tr>
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Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=12408&oldid=prev
Joearismendy at 07:33, 27 August 2012
2012-08-27T07:33:00Z
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Joearismendy
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=12407&oldid=prev
Joearismendy at 07:32, 27 August 2012
2012-08-27T07:32:37Z
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Joearismendy
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=10753&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin: /* Notes */
2011-06-06T09:07:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Notes</span></span></p>
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Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=10637&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin: /* United States */
2011-05-31T11:50:37Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">United States</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:50, 31 May 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), <ref>[[Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)]]</ref> the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that neither the Fourth nor the Fifth amendment prohibited a state from requiring individuals to identify themselves by name during [[Stops and Frisks | stops and frisks]]. A state's identification requirement must simply be reasonable, meaning that the State's interest must outweigh any intrusion against the individual, to be contstitutional. The case concluded that when an officer has reasonable suspicion to stop an individual, he or she can simultaneously conduct an identity check.<ref>The court noted that in the ordinary course of an investigation "a police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the Fourth Amendment.Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)</ref>. In the ''Hiibel'' case the Court did not decide whether an identity check incident to a stop based on less than reasonable suspicion would be constitutionally permissible.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), <ref>[[Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)]]</ref> the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that neither the Fourth nor the Fifth amendment prohibited a state from requiring individuals to identify themselves by name during [[Stops and Frisks | stops and frisks]]. A state's identification requirement must simply be reasonable, meaning that the State's interest must outweigh any intrusion against the individual, to be contstitutional. The case concluded that when an officer has reasonable suspicion to stop an individual, he or she can simultaneously conduct an identity check.<ref>The court noted that in the ordinary course of an investigation "a police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the Fourth Amendment.Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)</ref>. In the ''Hiibel'' case the Court did not decide whether an identity check incident to a stop based on less than reasonable suspicion would be constitutionally permissible.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several states, such as New York, appear to permit identity checks based upon on less than reasonable suspicion. In New York, an officer need only have "articulable reason" for approaching an individual and asking for their identity, <ref>[[People v. Debour, 40 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">N.Y.2d </del>210 (New York 1976)]]</ref> although additional rationale may be needed if the officer's tone becomes aggressive.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several states, such as New York, appear to permit identity checks based upon on less than reasonable suspicion. In New York, an officer need only have "articulable reason" for approaching an individual and asking for their identity, <ref>[[People v. Debour, 40 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NY2d </ins>210 (New York 1976)]]</ref> although additional rationale may be needed if the officer's tone becomes aggressive.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td></tr>
</table>
Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=9127&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin: /* India */
2011-02-18T11:06:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">India</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:06, 18 February 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l26">Line 26:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==India==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==India==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Police may demand the name and residence of an individual believed to have committed or accused of committing non-cognizable offenses. An individual may be arrested for refusal to divulge their name and address. They may also be arrested if the officer has reason to believe the name or address are false.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of India</del>, Sect. 42(1)</ref> If there are no other charges against the individual, they must be released once their true name and residence has been ascertained.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of India</del>, Sect. 42(2)</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Police may demand the name and residence of an individual believed to have committed or accused of committing non-cognizable offenses. An individual may be arrested for refusal to divulge their name and address. They may also be arrested if the officer has reason to believe the name or address are false.<ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian </ins>Criminal Procedure Code, Sect. 42(1)</ref> If there are no other charges against the individual, they must be released once their true name and residence has been ascertained.<ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Indian </ins>Criminal Procedure Code, Sect. 42(2)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spain==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spain==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=9126&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin: /* India */
2011-02-18T11:06:04Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">India</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:06, 18 February 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l26">Line 26:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 26:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==India==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==India==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Police may demand the name and residence of an individual believed to have committed or accused of committing non-cognizable offenses. An individual may be arrested for refusal to divulge their name and address. They may also be arrested if the officer has reason to believe the name or address are false.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code of India, Sect. 42(1)</ref> If there are no other charges against <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hte </del>individual, they must be released once their true name and residence has been ascertained.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code of India, Sect. 42(2)</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Police may demand the name and residence of an individual believed to have committed or accused of committing non-cognizable offenses. An individual may be arrested for refusal to divulge their name and address. They may also be arrested if the officer has reason to believe the name or address are false.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code of India, Sect. 42(1)</ref> If there are no other charges against <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>individual, they must be released once their true name and residence has been ascertained.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code of India, Sect. 42(2)</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spain==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spain==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=9125&oldid=prev
Ibjadmin: /* Germany */
2011-02-18T11:05:24Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Germany</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:05, 18 February 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l24">Line 24:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As in many countries, minorities (particularly Muslims) accuse German police of using identity checks to intimidate immigrants. <ref>Jan Yager, German Muslims Call Mosque ID Checks "Humiliating", Global Post, Jan. 11, 2010, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/germany/100108/islam-terrorism-security-islamophobia.</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As in many countries, minorities (particularly Muslims) accuse German police of using identity checks to intimidate immigrants. <ref>Jan Yager, German Muslims Call Mosque ID Checks "Humiliating", Global Post, Jan. 11, 2010, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/germany/100108/islam-terrorism-security-islamophobia.</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==India==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Police may demand the name and residence of an individual believed to have committed or accused of committing non-cognizable offenses. An individual may be arrested for refusal to divulge their name and address. They may also be arrested if the officer has reason to believe the name or address are false.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code of India, Sect. 42(1)</ref> If there are no other charges against hte individual, they must be released once their true name and residence has been ascertained.<ref> Criminal Procedure Code of India, Sect. 42(2)</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spain==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Spain==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Ibjadmin
https://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php?title=Identity_Checks&diff=7127&oldid=prev
Cdavies: /* United States */
2010-11-16T15:19:31Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">United States</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:19, 16 November 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29">Line 29:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==United States==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==United States==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), <ref>[[Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)]]</ref> the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that neither the Fourth nor the Fifth amendment prohibited a state from requiring <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an individual </del>to identify <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">themself </del>by name during [[Stops and Frisks | stops and frisks]]. A state's identification requirement must simply be reasonable, meaning that the State's interest must outweigh any intrusion against the individual, to be contstitutional. The case concluded that when an officer has reasonable suspicion to stop an individual, he or she can simultaneously conduct an identity check.<ref>The court noted that in the ordinary course of an investigation "a police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the Fourth Amendment.Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)</ref>. In the ''Hiibel'' case the Court did not decide whether an identity check incident to a stop based on less than reasonable suspicion would be constitutionally permissible.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), <ref>[[Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)]]</ref> the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that neither the Fourth nor the Fifth amendment prohibited a state from requiring <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individuals </ins>to identify <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">themselves </ins>by name during [[Stops and Frisks | stops and frisks]]. A state's identification requirement must simply be reasonable, meaning that the State's interest must outweigh any intrusion against the individual, to be contstitutional. The case concluded that when an officer has reasonable suspicion to stop an individual, he or she can simultaneously conduct an identity check.<ref>The court noted that in the ordinary course of an investigation "a police officer is free to ask a person for identification without implicating the Fourth Amendment.Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004)</ref>. In the ''Hiibel'' case the Court did not decide whether an identity check incident to a stop based on less than reasonable suspicion would be constitutionally permissible.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several states, such as New York, appear to permit identity checks based upon on less than reasonable suspicion. In New York, an officer need only have "articulable reason" for approaching an individual and asking for their identity, <ref>[[People v. Debour, 40 N.Y.2d 210 (New York 1976)]]</ref> although additional rationale may be needed if the officer's tone becomes aggressive.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several states, such as New York, appear to permit identity checks based upon on less than reasonable suspicion. In New York, an officer need only have "articulable reason" for approaching an individual and asking for their identity, <ref>[[People v. Debour, 40 N.Y.2d 210 (New York 1976)]]</ref> although additional rationale may be needed if the officer's tone becomes aggressive.</div></td></tr>
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