Constitution of Japan - Revision history

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER X: SUPREME LAW */

2011-02-22T19:55:12Z

CHAPTER X: SUPREME LAW

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	==CHAPTER X: SUPREME LAW==		==CHAPTER X: SUPREME LAW==
	Article 97:		'''Article 97:'''

	The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
	Article 98:
			'''Article 98:'''

	This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity. 2) The treaties concluded by Japan and established laws of nations shall be faithfully observed.		This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity. 2) The treaties concluded by Japan and established laws of nations shall be faithfully observed.
	Article 99:
			'''Article 99:'''

	The Emperor or the Regent as well as Ministers of State, members of the Diet, judges, and all other public officials have the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution.		The Emperor or the Regent as well as Ministers of State, members of the Diet, judges, and all other public officials have the obligation to respect and uphold this Constitution.

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER VII: FINANCE */

2011-02-22T19:54:47Z

CHAPTER VII: FINANCE

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	'''Article 86:'''		'''Article 86:'''


	The Cabinet shall prepare and submit to the Diet for its consideration and decision a budget for each fiscal year.		The Cabinet shall prepare and submit to the Diet for its consideration and decision a budget for each fiscal year.

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER VIII: LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT */

2011-02-22T19:54:35Z

CHAPTER VIII: LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

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	'''Article 93:'''		'''Article 93:'''

	The local public entities shall establish assemblies as their deliberative organs, in accordance with law. 2) The chief executive officers of all local public entities, the members of their assemblies, and such other local officials as may be determined by law shall be elected by direct popular vote within their several communities.		The local public entities shall establish assemblies as their deliberative organs, in accordance with law. 2) The chief executive officers of all local public entities, the members of their assemblies, and such other local officials as may be determined by law shall be elected by direct popular vote within their several communities.

	'''Article 94:'''		'''Article 94:'''

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER V: THE CABINET */

2011-02-22T19:54:12Z

CHAPTER V: THE CABINET

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	If the House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution, or rejects a confidence resolution, the Cabinet shall resign en masse, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within ten(10) days.		If the House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution, or rejects a confidence resolution, the Cabinet shall resign en masse, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within ten(10) days.

	Article 70:		'''Article 70:'''

	When there is a vacancy in the post of Prime Minister, or upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet shall resign en masse.		When there is a vacancy in the post of Prime Minister, or upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election of members of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet shall resign en masse.
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	'''Article 74:'''		'''Article 74:'''


	All laws and cabinet orders shall be signed by the competent Minister of State and countersigned by the Prime Minister.		All laws and cabinet orders shall be signed by the competent Minister of State and countersigned by the Prime Minister.

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER IV: THE DIET */

2011-02-22T19:53:43Z

CHAPTER IV: THE DIET

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	'''Article 54:'''		'''Article 54:'''


	When the House of Representatives is dissolved, there must be a general election of members of the House of Representatives within forty(40) days from the date of dissolution, and the Diet must be convoked within thirty(30) days from the date of the election. 2) When the House of Representatives is dissolved, the House of Councillors is closed at the same time. However, the Cabinet may, in time of national emergency, convoke the House of Councillors in emergency session. 3) Measures taken at such session as mentioned in the proviso of the preceding paragraph shall be provisional and shall become null and void unless agreed to by the House of Representatives within a period of ten(10) days after the opening of the next session of the Diet.		When the House of Representatives is dissolved, there must be a general election of members of the House of Representatives within forty(40) days from the date of dissolution, and the Diet must be convoked within thirty(30) days from the date of the election. 2) When the House of Representatives is dissolved, the House of Councillors is closed at the same time. However, the Cabinet may, in time of national emergency, convoke the House of Councillors in emergency session. 3) Measures taken at such session as mentioned in the proviso of the preceding paragraph shall be provisional and shall become null and void unless agreed to by the House of Representatives within a period of ten(10) days after the opening of the next session of the Diet.
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	'''Article 59:'''		'''Article 59:'''


	A bill becomes a law on passage by both Houses, except as otherwise provided for by the Constitution. 2) A bill, which is passed by the House of Representatives, and upon which the House of Councillors makes a decision different from that of the House of Representatives, becomes a law when passed a second time by the House of Representatives by a majority of two-thirds or more of the members present. 3) The provision of the preceding paragraph does not preclude the House of Representatives from calling for the meeting of a joint committee of both Houses, provided for by law. 4) Failure by the House of Councillors to take final action within sixty(60) days after receipt of a bill passed by the House of Representatives, time in recess excepted, may be determined by the House of Representatives to constitute a rejection of the said bill by the House of Councillors.		A bill becomes a law on passage by both Houses, except as otherwise provided for by the Constitution. 2) A bill, which is passed by the House of Representatives, and upon which the House of Councillors makes a decision different from that of the House of Representatives, becomes a law when passed a second time by the House of Representatives by a majority of two-thirds or more of the members present. 3) The provision of the preceding paragraph does not preclude the House of Representatives from calling for the meeting of a joint committee of both Houses, provided for by law. 4) Failure by the House of Councillors to take final action within sixty(60) days after receipt of a bill passed by the House of Representatives, time in recess excepted, may be determined by the House of Representatives to constitute a rejection of the said bill by the House of Councillors.

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER III: RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE */

2011-02-22T15:59:35Z

CHAPTER III: RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE

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	'''Article 15:'''		'''Article 15:'''

	The people have the inalienable right to choose their public officials and to dismiss them. 2) All public officials are servants of the whole community and not of any group thereof. 3) Universal adult suffrage is guaranteed with regard to the election of public officials. 4) In all elections, secrecy of the ballot shall not be violated. A voter shall not be answerable, publicly or privately, for the choice he has made.		The people have the inalienable right to choose their public officials and to dismiss them. 2) All public officials are servants of the whole community and not of any group thereof. 3) Universal adult suffrage is guaranteed with regard to the election of public officials. 4) In all elections, secrecy of the ballot shall not be violated. A voter shall not be answerable, publicly or privately, for the choice he has made.

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER III: RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE */

2011-02-22T15:59:23Z

CHAPTER III: RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE

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	'''Article 29:'''		'''Article 29:'''


	The right to own or to hold property is inviolable. 2) Property rights shall be defined by law, in conformity with the public welfare. 3) Private property may be taken for public use upon just compensation therefor.		The right to own or to hold property is inviolable. 2) Property rights shall be defined by law, in conformity with the public welfare. 3) Private property may be taken for public use upon just compensation therefor.
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	'''Article 31:'''		'''Article 31:'''


	No person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law.		No person shall be deprived of life or liberty, nor shall any other criminal penalty be imposed, except according to procedure established by law.

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	'''Article 34:'''		'''Article 34:'''

	No person shall be arrested or detained without being at once infomed of the charges against him or without the immediate privilege of counsel; nor shall he be detained without adequate cause; and upon demand of any person such cause must be immediately shown in open court in his presence and the presence of his counsel.		No person shall be arrested or detained without being at once infomed of the charges against him or without the immediate privilege of counsel; nor shall he be detained without adequate cause; and upon demand of any person such cause must be immediately shown in open court in his presence and the presence of his counsel.

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	'''Article 36:'''		'''Article 36:'''

	The infliction of torture by any public officer and cruel punishments are absolutely forbidden.		The infliction of torture by any public officer and cruel punishments are absolutely forbidden.

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	'''Article 40:'''		'''Article 40:'''

	Any person may, in case he is acquitted after he has been arrested or detained, sue the State for redress as provided for by law.		Any person may, in case he is acquitted after he has been arrested or detained, sue the State for redress as provided for by law.

	==CHAPTER IV: THE DIET==		==CHAPTER IV: THE DIET==
	'''Article 41:'''		'''Article 41:'''

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER I: THE EMPEROR */

2011-02-22T15:58:56Z

CHAPTER I: THE EMPEROR

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	'''Article 8:'''		'''Article 8:'''

	No property can be given to, or received by, the Imperial House, nor can any gifts be made therefrom, without the authorization of the Diet.		No property can be given to, or received by, the Imperial House, nor can any gifts be made therefrom, without the authorization of the Diet.

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER IV: THE DIET */

2011-02-22T15:58:41Z

CHAPTER IV: THE DIET

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	'''Article 51:'''		'''Article 51:'''

	Members of both Houses shall not be held liable outside the House for speeches, debates or votes cast inside the House.		Members of both Houses shall not be held liable outside the House for speeches, debates or votes cast inside the House.

	'''Article 52:'''		'''Article 52:'''

Ibjadmin: /* CHAPTER IV: THE DIET */

2011-02-22T15:58:23Z

CHAPTER IV: THE DIET

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	==CHAPTER IV: THE DIET==		==CHAPTER IV: THE DIET==
	Article 41:		'''Article 41:'''

	The Diet shall be the highest organ of the state power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State.		The Diet shall be the highest organ of the state power, and shall be the sole law-making organ of the State.